城市污水再生利用中的消毒问题研究

从保障再生水微生物安全的角度,考察了北方某污水处理厂污水处理工艺、混凝沉淀过滤工艺以及臭氧消毒对大肠杆菌和总细菌的去除效果。结果表明,污水处理厂进水中大肠杆菌数和细菌总数分别为10^5-10^9个/L和10^9-10^11个/L,经过厌氧-缺氧-好氧组合工艺处理后两者分别降为10^3-10^6个/L和10^6-10^9个/L,再经后续混凝沉淀过滤工艺（混凝剂PAC投加量：15 mg/L Al2O3）处理,再生水中大肠杆菌和细菌总数仍分别高达10^2-10^5个/L和10^5-10^8个/L。对上述再生水进行臭氧消毒批量实验,在臭氧反应量为12 mg/L的条件下实现了对大肠杆菌的完全灭活,此时臭氧消毒运行费用为0.13元/m^3左右。     

真菌-细菌修复石油污染土壤的协同作用机制研究

提出并研究了真菌和细菌协同强化原位修复石油污染土壤.从中原油田石油污染土壤中筛选出刺孢小克银汉霉菌(Cunninghamella echinulata)和阴沟肠杆菌(Enterobacter cloacae),在泥浆体系中考察了Cun.echinulata和E.cloacae的生长及其对石油烃的降解过程.结果表明,混合培养体系中细菌和真菌的数量最高分别为其纯培养体系的3倍和20倍,细胞衰亡则被明显推迟;混合培养体系中石油烃的去除率高于真菌和细菌纯培养体系石油烃去除率的总和;采用多次接种新鲜菌种的培养方式能够强化混合培养体系对石油烃的降解.在石油烃污染土壤中接入由Cun.echinulata和E.Cloacae所组成的真菌-细菌微生物制剂实施原位修复,结果表明,Cun.echinulata和E.Cloacae的生长及其对石油烃的降解不受土著微生物的抑制,最适工艺条件为:水和木屑含量分别为25%和6%(质量分数),Cun.echinulata和E.cloacae接种量分别为2.5×104和2.5 × 107CFU/g.接种上述真菌-细菌40 d后石油烃去除率可达约65%,而土著微生物对石油烃去除率为16.0%.     

额济纳天然胡杨林水分利用效率动态变化研究

黑河下游的额济纳绿洲是我国西北地区重要的生态屏障,也是当地人民赖以生存的自然资源,然而由于种种原因,这片绿洲正在衰败并且有消亡的危险.胡杨是典型的潜水旱中生植物,它虽然有较强的耐大气干旱、耐盐碱能力,其生长发育与水分条件的优劣有着十分密切的关系.本文通过研究额济纳天然胡杨的叶水势、蒸腾速率、光合速率的变化规律,综合分析其水分利用效率与叶水势的相关关系,了解胡杨树体内水分运移关系,为揭示胡杨生存现状和合理利用水资源提供理论依据,为合理保护额济纳绿洲胡杨林提供科学支持.     

B610E不同焊接接头在石油沉积水中的耐蚀性研究

通过室内浸泡、应力腐蚀试验对B610E高强储罐铜所用不同焊接方式在石油沉积水中的耐蚀性进行研究。结果表明,B610E气体保护焊材料的耐蚀性最好,将Q235＋B610E埋弧平焊对接后,由于存在电偶对,耐蚀效果最差。在石油沉积水中,B610E埋横焊具有中等SCC抗力,B610E气体保护焊、B610E气电立焊以及B610E＋Q235埋弧平焊对接具有高的SCC抗力。     

地方“资源诅咒”与“生态赤字”的经济学分析——以“榆林市”等资源型城市为例

我国陕西省榆林市、甘肃省白银市、辽宁省抚顺市及四川省古蔺县等地区,依托丰富的铜、煤炭、天然气等矿产资源带动了当地经济的快速发展。然而,对资源的过度依赖和开发,使地方经济无可回避地面临"资源诅咒"和"生态赤字"问题。本文在界定"资源诅咒"和"生态赤字"概念,及其产生的经济学根源的基础上,对"榆林市"、"白银市"等典型资源型城市的"生态赤字"现状予以分析,提出基于"3E系统模型"视角下,解决资源型城市"资源诅咒"和"生态赤字"问题,实现地方经济可持续发展的路径选择。     

Methodological approach for metal pollution evaluation in sediments collected from the Taranto Gulf

The concentrations of Hg, Cd, Pb, Cu, Ni, V, and Sn were determined in marine sediments collected from Taranto Gulf (Ionian Sea, Southern Italy). The aim of this article is to study the methodological approach in order to evaluate total metal levels determined in marine sediments of a contaminated area (Taranto Gulf, Southern Italy), to identify contaminated areas and to predict adverse biological effects based on Sediment Quality Guidelines (SQGs). The results are discussed in relation to geological characteristics of sediments in order to define background levels and anthropogenic input. Experimental results were elaborated by multivariate statistical techniques and Geographical Information System (GIS) software. The geoaccumulation index I _geo and two sets of SQGs (in particular (a) the threshold effect level (TEL), the probable effect level (PEL) and (b) the effect range-low (ERL) and the effect range median (ERM)) have been used for environmental evaluation of metal concentrations. Results show that in Taranto coastal area, Mar Piccolo basin represents the most contaminated area. A comparison with results from other Mediterranean areas demonstrates that for some metals (such as Cd, Pb, and Hg) Taranto seas represent one of the most polluted areas in the Mediterranean Sea. A comparison of metal levels with SQGs also suggests an ecotoxicological risk for benthic organisms mainly in the first inlet of Mar Piccolo.     

电子废弃物拆解园区重金属排放特征和周边土壤重金属污染来源解析及风险评价

对某典型电子废弃物拆解园区排放的废气以及周边土壤中的重金属进行监测分析。结果显示,拆解过程中排放的重金属总量由高到低依次为：锡（Sn）、铬（Cr）、镍（Ni）、铅（Pb）、铜（Cu）、锑（Sb）、锰（Mn）、砷（As）、镉（Cd）、汞（Hg）;从处理工艺来看,几个主要拆解工序均有重金属排放,排放量由高到低依次为：加热烤板、火法冶炼、塑料造粒和湿法冶炼工序。园区周边土壤中的Hg、Cd、Cu、Pb平均质量分数超过珠三角土壤污染风险筛选值。相关性和主成分分析结果表明,Pb、Cu、Cd、Ni、Zn等重金属来源于电子废弃物拆解过程,包括废水排放、大气干湿沉降和固体废弃物随意堆放等途径,Cr可能主要来源于成土母质,Hg有电子废弃物之外的其他来源。土壤生态风险评价结果表明,该区域属于很强生态风险,其中Cd和Hg对生态危害的贡献率达到91.6%。土壤环境容量评价结果表明,该区域仅有As和Cr的土壤现存容量较大,Zn和Ni的土壤现存环境容量较小,已达到警戒值,其余重金属均处于超载状态。该地区土壤重金属污染状况须引起足够重视,应尽快制定管控治理措施。     

PZT的EMI技术在土木工程健康监测中的研究进展

PZT(P iezoe lectric-ceram ic)的EM I(E lectro-m echan ica l im pedance)技术以其适于在线监测的诸多优点受到越来越多的关注。本文系统地阐述了PZT的E/M(电-机)耦合特性、PZT与本体结构的相互作用模型、EM I技术的基本原理及其在土木工程中的研究应用。利用PZT的EM I技术进行健康监测是具有广泛应用前景的一种方法,但由于其研究应用的时间不长,目前仍然处于试验室研究阶段,文中对该项技术中尚需解决的几个问题进行了总结。     

Quantification of viable bacteria in wastewater treatment plants by using propidium monoazide combined with quantitative PCR (PMA-qPCR)

The detection of viable bacteria in wastewater treatment plants(WWTPs) is very important for public health, as WWTPs are a medium with a high potential for waterborne disease transmission. The aim of this study was to use propidium monoazide(PMA) combined with the quantitative polymerase chain reaction(PMA-qPCR) to selectively detect and quantify viable bacteria cells in full-scale WWTPs in China. PMA was added to the concentrated WWTP samples at a final concentration of 100 μmol/L and the samples were incubated in the dark for 5 min, and then lighted for 4 min prior to DNA extraction and qPCR with specific primers for Escherichia coli and Enterococci, respectively. The results showed that PMA treatment removed more than 99% of DNA from non-viable cells in all the WWTP samples, while matrices in sludge samples markedly reduced the effectiveness of PMA treatment. Compared to qPCR, PMA-qPCR results were similar and highly linearly correlated to those obtained by culture assay, indicating that DNA from non-viable cells present in WWTP samples can be eliminated by PMA treatment, and that PMA-qPCR is a reliable method for detection of viable bacteria in environmental samples. This study demonstrated that PMA-qPCR is a rapid and selective detection method for viable bacteria in WWTP samples, and that WWTPs have an obvious function in removing both viable and non-viable bacteria. The results proved that PMA-qPCR is a promising detection method that has a high potential for application as a complementary method to the standard culture-based method in the future.     

水环境中大肠杆菌多特征抗原及抗体的制备研究

为了建立用于水环境中大肠杆菌的酶联免疫快速检测方法,针对水中大肠杆菌属多种血清型的特征,制备了水环境样品中大肠杆菌的多特征抗原,包括全菌体抗原、破碎全菌体抗原、菌体抗原、鞭毛抗原和菌毛抗原;采用这5种大肠杆菌抗原分别免疫新西兰大白兔,获得了5种大肠杆菌多克隆抗体,抗体效价高、纯度好,具有较强且稳定的特异性结合抗原的功能;间接ELISA方法表明,全菌体抗体和破碎全菌体抗体的效价均大于1×10⁵,性能优良.基于上述抗体,建立了水中大肠杆菌间接ELISA检测方法,实际水样的检测结果表明,检测限可达10⁴个/L.