辽宁生态环境保护与建设

提出了辽宁省目前存在的主要生态环境问题 ,指出这些问题的出现既有环境本身固有的生态敏感性和生态脆弱性、从而易于失去平衡的自然原因 ,但是更为主要的是历史和现实人为活动作用的结果。文章最后对辽宁的生态环境保护和建设提出了相应的对策。     

N级台阶轴锻件形状优化算法

建立了台阶轴“0—1”编码法,解决了N级台阶轴数学描述和其总数计算问题。应用基于基来台阶单元的优化模型和算法,有效地解决了N级台阶轴锻件形状优化问题。     

城市环境质量多层次模糊综合评价法

通过对城市环境质量的指标的综合分析，确定了多层次模糊综合评价方法。该方法通过模糊合成运算将复杂多层次评价问题转化为定量评价，从而更合理有效地分析城市的环境质量状况。     

紫外光度法测定地表水中油的改进

对紫外光度法测定水中油类时在标准油品、波长的选择以及氯化钠用量和石油醚纯度等方面存在的问题进行了探讨，提出以工作曲线代替标准曲线，使回收率达到９７％左右。     

区域生态文化建设规划研究--以江苏省涟水县为例

生态文化是体现人与自然和谐共处的一种先进的文化形态，是生态建设的重要内容。以江苏涟水县为例。研究区域生态文化的建设规划问题。     

An approach and preliminary model of integrating ecological and economic constraints of environmental quality in the Guayas River estuary, Ecuador

We describe conceptual and simulation models of land use within the intertidal zone of the Guayas River estuary to quantify the contribution of mangrove wetlands to maintaining environmental quality of a tropical estuary. The goal of this exercise is to demonstrate the important consideration of ecological constraints in determining economic and management decisions; and how modeling can be used to quantify impacts of land use such as loss of mangrove wetlands on environmental quality. Our conceptual model treats solar energy, river flow, and tides as forcing functions that control the properties of estuarine ecosystems, but also describes market forces and cultural policies as constraints on properties of socioeconomic systems. The controversy of coastal resource management in Ecuador centers around the relative impacts of shrimp pond construction and management as negative feedbacks to the environmental quality of the Guayas River estuary. Unique oceanographic processes and land use changes contribute to complex issues of water and habitat quality in this tropical estuary, the largest estuarine complex on the Pacific coast of South America. A dynamic box model was developed for the estuary and calibrated with data collected from a 14 month survey of water quality parameters throughout the estuary. Scenarios included conversion of mangroves to shrimp ponds in three regions of the estuary, and the construction of a dam by varying three different rates of river discharge at 100, 50 and 10% of 1989 base flow. Good water quality is maintained by the low residence time of water in the estuary (11 d) because of seasonally high river flow and tidal exchange. With a 90% reduction of mangrove forests in the estuary caused by shrimp pond construction, total nitrogen concentrations increased 5 fold. However, as river discharge decreased to 10%, the same construction caused a 60 fold increase in nitrogen concentrations to 250 μM. Increases in nitrogen concentrations were higher in the upper estuary region, with much less change in the lower estuary. Thus the sensitivity of environmental quality to changes in land use in the intertidal and upland zone are linked to the hydrography of the estuary and is site specific. In the future, the combinations of these ecological models together with economic analyses of the goods and services of mangroves may provide better techniques to evaluate the economic impacts of specific coastal zone management decisions.     

Time constraints and multiple choice criteria in the sampling behaviour and mate choice of the fiddler crab,Uca annulipes

Active female sampling occurs in the fiddler crab Uca annulipes. Females sample the burrows of several males before remaining to mate in the burrow of the chosen partner. Females time larval release to coincide with the following nocturnal spring tide and must therefore leave sufficient time for embryonic development after mating. Here we show how this temporal constraint on search time affects female choosiness. We found that, at the start of the sampling period (when time constraints are minimal), females selectively sample the larger males in the population. Towards the end of the sampling period (when the temporal constraints increase the costs of sampling), females are less selective. Furthermore, we suggest that the number of males sampled (and other indices of ‘‘sampling effort’’) may not be reliable indicators of female choosiness and may not reflect the strength of female mating preferences under certain conditions. Burrow quality also emerged as an important criterion in final mate choice. Burrow structure potentially influences reproductive success, and mate acceptance based on burrow structure appears to involve a relatively invariant threshold criterion. Since there is no relationship between male size and burrow quality, females are using at least two independent criteria when choosing potential mates. We envisage mate choice as a two-stage process. First, females select which males to sample based on male size. They then decide whether or not to mate with a male based on burrow features. This sampling process explains how two unrelated variables can both predict male mating success. Received: 23 March 1995/Accepted after revision: 14 January 1996     

城市污泥直接施用对农田的生态效应研究初报

采用盆栽和田间试验,研究了广州市大坦沙污水处理厂污泥对蔬菜生长发育的影响、污泥中重金属元素在作物体内的累积及在土壤中的残留状况。盆栽结果表明,作物的生长发育和产量与污泥的施用量有一定的关系,施用污泥对于在养分水平较低的砂质土上效果较明显。厂区大田试验还表明,施用污泥对生长周期长的块根类作物的增产效果比茎叶类、果实类作物更显著。作物对Ni的累积量相对为最大,土壤则以Cu、Zn的残留量为最大。在污泥施用量为3×10~4kg ha~(-1)的条件下,作物体内的重金属元素含量均未超过国家食品卫生标准。若污泥施用量为1.5×10~4kg ha~(-1),则其安全施用年限估计为12年。     

景观生态学在水库环评中的应用--以周公宅水库为例

生态完整性的判定是生态影响评价的基础，可从生态体系的结构和功能两个方面考虑进行评价。分别从景观结构、植被生物量和植被分布的空间异质性三个角度对宁波市周公宅水库库区景观生态体系的结构和功能状况进行了评价。     

城市绿地降低空气中含菌量的生态效应研究

按照大气生物监测的方法和要求，选择了上海市区的交通干通。公园和居住区的主要类型的绿地，对绿地降低气挟菌数量的生态效应进行了初步研究，结果表明，绿地结构，植物种类配置和粉尘污染是影响绿地降低气挟菌数量效应的主要因素。