河流生态基流量整合计算模型

针对北方地区流域水域生态系统人工化明显和河流断流的现状,提出了河流生态基流量的概念,并分析了其内涵．河流生态基流量包括河道生态基流量、河口生态基流量和湿地生态基流量．河流生态基流量计算应考虑流域内不同水系、不同河段生态环境的差异性和时空变化规律．通过改进生态环境需水量的计算方法,分析河流的空间结构特征、各河段的相互关系以及流域的水特征,提出了整合计算模型．整合计算模型分为2类：不同水系和同一水系的整合．同一水系整合计算模型又分为：河流生态基流量整合模型、河流与湿地生态基流量的整合以及河道生态基流量的整合模型．其中最为复杂的河道生态基流量的整合模型共分为6种形式：简单式、汇流式、分流式、组合式、交叉式和河口式．研究结果表明：各子系统的生态基流量是河流生态基流量整合计算的基础;河流生态基流量保证系数是计算的重要参数,其值在确定基数的基础上,通过恢复模式和空间优化配置这2个影响因子进行调整而得到,取值范围为[0,1];整合计算模型需要明确消耗性生态基流量和非消耗性生态基流量,消耗性生态基流量不受保证系数的影响,非消耗性生态基流量因保证系数取值的不同而变化．     

济南南部山区水源涵养生态功能保护区生态环境评价指标体系研究

根据国家相关的生态考核指标,结合南部山区生态功能保护区实际情况,建立了该区域的评价指标体系,选取多层次权重分析决策法(AHP法),对区域的生态环境质量现状及可持续发展情况做出了定量评价。     

城市生态环境与可持续发展评价指标体系研究

本文从探讨城市生态环境与可持续发展的战略关系入手,在进行调查研究的基础上,提出了城市生态环境与可持续发展评价指标体系,旨在为城市的全面、协调、可持续发展提供一点科学管理依据。     

草原区煤炭开发的生态问题及其税费改革对策

锡林郭勒盟是我国重要的煤炭能源基地,近年来,煤电一体化开发为地区带来经济效益的同时也给环境带来巨大压力,大面积的草原受到破坏和威胁,引发了一系列生态问题,需要在锡盟未来的地区经济发展中引起注意。应该借鉴国际上对煤炭业开征环境保护税的经验,进行我国草原区煤炭业环境保护税费改革的制度设计和政策落实。     

钦州湾沉积物有机氯农药赋存特征与生态风险

利用GC-ECD测定了钦州湾沉积物中17种有机氯农药的含量,并对其组分分布和来源进行了分析。结果表明,样品中有机氯农药的总量为1.50～129ng/g,滴滴涕(DDTs)浓度为0.59～126ng/g,六六六(HCHs)的浓度为nd～2.65ng/g。有机氯农药的分布特征为茅尾海>钦州外湾,茅尾海东岸>西岸。组分分布特征分析显示,DDTs主要来自于历史积累,林丹在某些采样区域内有近期输入。与国内外不同地区沉积物中有机氯农药残留相比,钦州湾沉积物中有机氯农药污染处于低到中等水平。以沉积物生态风险评估值为基准的分析表明,研究区内DDT含量存在较大的生态风险。     

走低碳发展之路实现生态文明之梦

低碳发展是一种以低耗能,低污染,低排放为特征的可持续发展模式。本文简述了走低碳发展之路既是可持续发展的要求,也是实现发展与环保双赢的保证。     

Marine spatial planning: Coordinating divergent marine interests

Globally, ecosystem-based marine spatial planning has become a useful instrument to coordinate the planning of different authorities. This, for balancing different requirements when managing marine areas and space. In the planning process, ecology is setting limits to which human activities are acceptable to the society. The use of the marine environment can be planned similarly as the land environment. We argue that there are several aspects which must be taken into consideration. Marine activities have traditionally been planned and managed in a sectoral way. Today, it has become obvious that a more holistic, multi-sectoral and coordinated approach is needed in future successful marine planning and management. The increased awareness of the importance of the oceans and seas challenges the traditional sector division and geographical limits in marine policy and calls for better coordinated and coherent marine policies.     

Occurrence, profiles, and ecotoxicity of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances and their alternatives in global apex predators: A critical review

Certain poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) exhibit significant bioaccumulation/biomagnification behaviors in ecosystems. PFASs, such as perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS) and related precursors, have elicited attention from both public and national regulatory agencies, which has resulted in worldwide restrictions on their production and use. Apex predators occupy the top trophic positions in ecosystems and are most affected by the biomagnification behavior of PFASs. Meanwhile, the long lifespans of apex predators also lead to the high body burden of PFASs. The high body burden of PFASs might be linked to adverse health effects and even pose a potential threat to their reproduction. As seen in previous reviews of PFASs, knowledge is lacking between the current stage of the PFAS body burden and related effects in apex predators. This review summarized PFAS occurrence in global apex predators, including information on the geographic distribution, levels, profiles, and tissue distribution, and discussed the trophic transfer and ecotoxicity of PFASs. In the case where legacy PFASs were restricted under international convention, the occurrence of novel PFASs, such as 6:2 chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate (6:2 Cl-PFESA) and perfluoroethylcyclohexane sulfonate (PFECHS), in apex predators arose as an emerging issue. Future studies should develop an effective analytical method and focus on the toxicity and trophic transfer behavior of novel PFASs.     

水源地周边土壤重金属分布特征及潜在风险-以深圳市为例

以深圳市水源地周边三种不同类型土壤(赤红壤､红壤､水稻田土)为研究对象,选择具有较高环境含量且毒性较强的Zn､Pb､As为目标,探究其在三种土壤剖面淋溶层､淀积层和母质层(A、B和C层)中的分布特征及赋存形态,同时分析重金属含量､赋存形态与土壤理化性质的相关性,并利用潜在生态危害指数法和潜在迁移指数法从重金属全量和赋存形态两个角度对土壤重金属的生态风险水平进行评估.结果表明:土壤重金属Zn､Pb､As在三类土壤各层中含量较高,但均低于当地土壤环境质量背景值,重金属含量受当地土壤成岩母质影响较大.形态分析表明三种重金属在三类土壤中均以残渣态为主,但红壤中可还原态Pb含量较高,在低pH时易转化为弱酸可溶态,而后释放并迁移.相关性分析表明Zn､Pb的全量与有机质含量呈极显著正相关,可还原态Zn与pH呈显著正相关,Pb和As的弱酸可溶态与可还原态显著正相关,黏粒和粉粒含量对Pb和As的形态分布造成不同程度的影响.三种重金属潜在生态危害级别均为轻微,对水源地安全潜在生态风险影响较小;重金属迁移能力大小在不同土类中依次为红壤土>赤红壤>水稻田土,元素本身迁移能力强弱依次为Zn>As>Pb;赤红壤和水稻田土A层Zn迁移能力最强,B层As最强,C层Zn､Pb､As均较弱;红壤中A层迁移能力Zn最强,B层Zn､Pb､As均较强,C层Zn､Pb､As均较弱.     

Soil contamination with antibiotics in a typical peri-urban area in eastern China: Seasonal variation, risk assessment, and microbial responses

The prevalence and persistence of antibiotics in soils has become an emerging environmental issue and an increasing threat to soil security and global public health. The problem is more severe in areas undergoing rapid urbanization; however, the ecological risks of antibiotics, seasonal variability, and associated soil microbial responses in peri-urban soils have not been well-explored. The seasonal soil sampling campaigns were conducted in a typical peri-urban watershed in eastern China to investigate distribution of antibiotics. The results demonstrated higher mean concentrations of most antibiotic compounds in winter than in summer in peri-urban soils. The seasonal variations of norfloxacin, enrofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin were more significant than those of other antibiotics, due to their higher migration ability and bioavailability. An ecological risk assessment demonstrated that chlortetracycline, ciprofloxacin, doxycycline, and ofloxacin can pose high risks to soil microorganisms. Furthermore, the coexistence of multiple antibiotics obviously poses higher risks than individual compounds. A redundancy analysis demonstrated that tetracyclines mainly showed negative correlations with Firmicutes and Chloroflexi, and quinolones showed obviously negative correlations with Acidobacteria, Gemmatimonadetes, and Nitrospirae, suggesting potential inhibition from antibiotics on biological activities or biodegradation processes. However, the persistence of antibiotics in soil results in a significant decrease in bacterial diversity and a change in dominant species. Our results provide an overview of the seasonal variability of antibiotics and the associated effects on bacterial communities in peri-urban soils. The results can provide scientific guidance on decreasing soil contamination with antibiotics to enhance soil security in similar areas.