环境监测在生态环境保护中的作用及发展措施

环境监测是对水体环境、大气环境、噪声环境、土壤环境的质量进行监视和测量,以确定环境质量变化趋势以及环境污染程度。近年来,自然生态环境日趋恶化,温室效应、土地沙漠化、水土流失、植被破坏等生态环境问题逐步浮出水面,给国民经济和社会的可持续发展带来严重的负面影响。而环境监测工作恰恰可以查找出导致生态环境污染的诱因,为制订针对性强、效果显著的生态环境保护方案提供真实、确凿的数据支持。因此,本文围绕环境监测在生态环境保护中发挥的重要作用和针对采取的发展措施展开论述。     

关于围填海工程的生态环境保护措施

以洋山深水港区围填海活动为例,结合工程对周边海域生态环境造成的一定的影响,提出围填海工程的生态环境保护措施。从宣传力度、环境监测工作全方位监控、环境保护监理工作、填海工程环保机构、水环境保护、大气环境保护、声环境保护、固废处置、保护生态环境的影响、敏感目标保护、风险事故环保应急、生态修复等方面做出相应的保护措施方案,以期为和谐海洋的构建、海洋资源的有效利用以及海洋生态环境可持续发展提供借鉴意义。     

城市河道生态治理与环境修复

城市在不断发展的过程中会面临越来越多的外来人口,虽然可以促进城市经济迅速发展,但同时也对城市的生态环境造成严重的破坏。城市河道是生态环境的重要组成部分,城市河道可以有效防止城市发生内涝,为城市的发展保驾护航。近几年来,城市河道遭到的污染日益严重,其生态系统面临许多问题,为了完善城市河道的功能,就要对其生态系统进行修复,使其更好地发挥出作用。     

快速城镇化进程中农村生态治理

我国不断加快城镇化的步伐,但在这过程中,农村的生态污染越来越严重,但是往往政府主要将着眼点放在城镇生态环境的建设,对农村生态治理重视不足,因此本文对此展开研究,分析目前农村生态治理面临的形式,探讨生态治理中有哪些问题,并提出相应的解决对策。     

生态环境政府网站现状与发展趋势研究

生态环境政府门户网站自建成以来一直是各级生态环境部门在互联网上履行职能、面向社会提供服务的官方网站,是政府机关实现政务信息公开、服务企业和社会公众、互动交流的重要渠道,是发布权威信息、服务企业和社会公众、开展互动交流的重要平台。近年来,生态环境部门的职能发生重大调整,但生态环境政府网站建设并没有进行相应的顶层设计,致使各级生态环境政府门户网站普遍存在着发展方向不明确、服务功能建设滞后、栏目设置与职能业务结合不紧密等问题。本文从分析政府网站在生态环境工作发生深刻变革的形势下承担政务信息公开、宣传引导、决策参与和依法履责等方面的要求出发,分析了当前各级生态环境政府网站发展现状与不足,进而探讨了未来生态环境政府门户网站发展的趋势。     

基于遥感数据的京津冀地区PM2.5时空分布特征

基于MODIS AOD遥感数据,采用多元线性回归模型对PM2.5地面监测数据进行模拟估算,同时加入降水量、相对湿度等气象因子以提高模型精度,结合GIS空间分析技术,得到2015—2016年京津冀地区空间连续的PM2.5浓度分布。结果表明:利用多元线性回归模型反演PM2.5浓度效果较好,R 2均在0.59~0.84之间。在时间上,京津冀地区PM2.5浓度呈现出夏季最低、秋季稍高、冬春两季最高的变化趋势;在空间上,2015年和2016年京津冀地区PM2.5浓度有明显的区域差异,均呈现出西北低、东南高的分布格局,大致与燕山山脉和太行山脉走向一致。     

基于改进模型的区域生态足迹动态分析——以江苏省南通市为例

20世纪90年代以来,生态足迹模型作为定量化可持续评价的重要理论方法得到了广泛的应用。基于传统生态足迹模型,结合遥感产品净初级生产力数据,构建了基于净初级生产力的生态足迹模型,调整了均衡因子和产量因子,并增加了污染物账户。在此基础上,应用传统模型和改进后的模型分别计算了南通市2000~2013年的生态足迹。结果表明:(1)传统生态足迹模型和改进模型下的南通市2000~2013年人均生态足迹都是稳步增长的,改进后的模型变化较小;(2)南通市2000~2013年生态承载力虽有所波动,但整体上呈下降趋势;(3)南通市连续14年出现生态赤字,从2000年的0.308 6 hm~2/人上升到0.587 7 hm~2/人,生态系统处于不安全状态,生态系统的稳定性降低。可见,改进的生态足迹模型能更准确地反映研究区自然资源利用状况。最后,针对南通市生态不安全状况,从土地结构、能源消费等方面提出减少生态足迹的建议。     

面向未来实现环境监测新飞跃

在南京市转变经济增长方式、发展循环经济、开展生态城市建设中,环境监测需要充分发挥主观能动作用,以大力发展生态监测、自动监测、信息化建设为主导,以改革管理体制、合理配置人力资源、加强人才培养和队伍建设为铺垫,围绕环境管理总体目标开展环境标准指标体系研究,为建设人与自然和谐共处的新南京积极提供技术支持。     

Initial effects of light armored vehicle use on grassland vegetation at Fort Lewis, Washington

Sustainable use of military training lands requires understanding and prediction of the effects of military vehicles on vegetation. We examined the initial impacts of an 8-wheeled, light armored vehicle (LAV) on grassland vegetation at Fort Lewis, Washington. The LAV drove replicate spiral paths at two starting velocities, 10.3 and 5.1 m s(-1). The disturbed width (width of ground impacted by the tires) increased as turning radius decreased, but was unaffected by vehicle velocity. An inverse-exponential model predicted disturbed width (r(2)=0.68) at all turning radii for both velocities combined. In low-velocity spirals, and for straight tracking (turning radius>40 m) and moderate turns (radius 20-40 m) in high-velocity spirals, all vegetation damage was imprint (plants flattened by wheels). During sharp (radius <20 m), high-velocity turns, most or all of the disturbed width was scraped free of surface vegetation and soil, which was piled to the outside of each tire track. Total plant cover (all species) was not affected by track curvature in low-velocity spirals, but decreased in the order straight tracking>moderate turns>sharp turns in high-velocity spirals. In low-velocity spirals, post-tracking cover of several plant growth forms (non-native species, perennial species, sod-forming grasses) was similar to pre-tracking cover, but in high-velocity spirals, post-tracking cover of these growth forms decreased in the order straight > or =moderate=sharp. Cover of native species and forbs decreased more in high- than in low-velocity spirals, but was unaffected by curvature. Pre- and post-tracking cover of annual species, bunchgrasses, and shrubs was < or =3%. The most severe vegetation damage caused by operation of wheeled LAVs on grasslands is associated with sharp, high-velocity turns.     

Local Responses to Inundation and De-Farming in the Reservoir Region of the Three Gorges Project (China)

Large-scale infrastructural developments in rural areas often impose significant direct and indirect impacts on environment and people. The Three Gorges Project to dam the Yangtze River in China will create a huge reservoir, inundate farmlands and villages, and incur large-scale resettlement. The concurrent de-farming program to reforest marginal farmlands on steep slopes imposes additional stresses on local people. This study evaluates the ecological and economic adjustments in rural areas affected by both projects, and explores villagers’ knowledge, attitudes, perceptions, and expectations vis-à-vis the drastic changes. Eleven villages in Yunyang County in Sichuan Province, stratified into three zones based on topography and agriculture, were assessed by field studies, questionnaire surveys, maps, satellite imagery, and census and government reports. Multiple regressions identified predictors for 17 dependent variables. Spatial variations in the difficult terrain imposed zone-differentiated agricultural constraints, ecological impacts, and human responses. The dominant farming population—mainly young adults working as migrant laborers in cities—has adopted some nonagricultural work to supplement incomes. Expected per-capita standardized farmland (SF) exceeded threshold SF, which surpasses existing SF. Motivations to reclaim more farmlands, de-farm marginal lands, and become migrant laborers were explained by different multiple-regression predictors. Reduction in farmland stock by inundation and de-farming, aggravated by unwillingness towards nonlocal resettlement, would impose ecological pressures and stimulate demands for nonfarming incomes. Common anticipation of better future income and occupation has been subdued by unfavorable feedbacks from early relocatees. Future environmental and landscape changes are hinged upon changing human responses. Government policies could be informed by research findings to match economic, ecological, and social realities.