人口资源生态环境与可持续发展初探

主要介绍了人口、资源、生态环境与可持续发展所面临的问题，可持续发展的必要性。分析了污染原因、污染物对人、社会的危害。提出污染物防治及环境管理对策。     

Classification of coastal waters according to the new Italian water legislation and comparison with the European Water Directive

New legislation for the protection of inland surface waters, transitional waters, coastal waters and ground waters has recently been established in Italy. This law presents a new integrated approach, where all water bodies are considered as complex ecosystems to be studied in each of their components. The new concept of environmental quality of the water body, based on the ecological and chemical status, is also introduced. At the same time (i.e. the end of 2000), the European Community approved the European Water Framework Directive based on the same basic environmental concepts and criteria of the new Italian law. This paper analyses the important points and innovations required by the new Italian legislation for monitoring and classification of marine coastal waters. Details of definitions, parameters, analysis and monitoring programs are discussed. A comparison with the European Water Framework Directive is eventually given, underlining the specific characteristics of the Mediterranean sea, which have to be taken into consideration when applying the European Directive to this particular ecoregion.     

A targeting approach for ecosystem protection

The Critical Ecosystems Team of the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Region 5, has developed an approach to prioritize and target ecologically high-quality areas for enhanced environmental protection in the Midwestern states of Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Michigan, Minnesota and Wisconsin. Using this approach, we intend to employ a pro-active strategy to protect the environment by protecting and restoring natural ecosystems rather than the traditional EPA approach of remediating and attempting to restore already degraded habitats. The approach consists of two components: (1) partnership and (2) criteria. For the partnership component, we collected, mapped, and summarized information on ecosystems considered critical to federal and state agencies, tribes and non-profit organizations. Multi-county areas with high numbers of ecosystems identified by a variety of partners were designated as ‘Ecologically Rich Regions’. These Ecologically Rich Regions highlight broad geographic areas where there are high levels of partner interest and, correspondingly, areas with high potential for forming collaborative partnerships for enhanced environmental protection. The second component, which relies on criteria, is still under development and defines critical ecosystems as having three important properties: (1) high ecological diversity, (2) potential for long-term sustainability and (3) presence of relict native ecosystems or communities. The information compiled under both components of this ecosystem targeting approach will inform ecological risk managers and assessors about important ecosystems that should be considered in risk management and assessment processes.     

港口生态工程管理系统及评价方法研究

提出了建立港口生态工程管理的模式及指标体系，探讨了港口生态工程评价方法。     

生态足迹研究述评

自然资源是人类赖以生存的物质基础，人类活动必须限制在环境资源承载力的值范围之内，传统的资源利用评价方法存在着考虑不全面、计算复杂、可操作性差等不足，因而有必要从生态系统本身的功能出发对人类活动的可持续性进行评价，生态足迹提出于20世纪90年代，是一种新颖的资源利用评价方法，它计算简明，对地区可持续发展决策具有一定的指导性，迄今为止，人们已在不同尺度上开展了大量相关研究，本文介绍了生态足迹的基本概念和进展，度评述了该方法的优点及不足，最后对今后的研究做出了展望。     

A review of Australian approaches for monitoring,assessing and reporting estuarine condition: I. International context and evaluation criteria

Given the immeasurable value of estuaries and their severe and growing pressures, sound understanding and reporting of estuarine condition is essential for their effective management and sustainable development. In light of this, we aim to provide a timely and comprehensive three-part review of the approaches currently employed for monitoring, assessing and reporting estuarine condition, focussing on Australian systems. Here, in Part 1, we establish the national and international context of our review and define globally-relevant evaluation criteria against which to assess Australian progress. We achieve this by examining effective monitoring, assessment and reporting programs from around the world and characterising ‘best practice’. We then highlight the Australian historical context and consider recent policies, frameworks, guidelines and legislation relating to the monitoring and reporting of estuarine condition nationwide.     

Assessing the socioeconomic effects of multiple-use MPAs in a European setting: A national stakeholders’ perspective

The designation of marine protected areas (MPAs) may have intense social and economic effects on human communities. Driven by overarching global and European policies and national legislations, current systematic conservation planning in the UK and France requires an ecosystem approach that takes into account not only nature but also the human activities that take place in an area. Here, we identified a set of 64 socioeconomic variables potentially relevant for marine and coastal stakeholders in a European context and a comprehensive set of 20 marine and coastal stakeholder categories. Ninety national organisations in the UK and France belonging to those categories and potentially affected by/interested in the designation of multiple-use MPAs were identified and surveyed. Results show that environmental NGOs, research centres, local councils, managing agencies and statutory nature conservation bodies perceived that they are positively affected by these MPAs, whereas fishers’ organisations, shipping and aggregate industrial organisations and recreational organisations perceived to be chiefly negatively affected by MPAs. On average, the ecological effects of multiple-use MPAs are perceived as ‘largely positive’, though 30% of respondents did not perceive any positive ecological effects from these MPAs. The social, economic and cultural effects of such MPAs are perceived as ‘moderately positive’. Most respondents perceived broad range (>10 km) and permanent ecological, social, economic and cultural effects from multiple-use MPA designation suggesting high societal expectations towards these areas. However, only five variables were perceived to vary in intensity after the designation of multiple-use MPAs: ‘research’, ‘environmental performance by citizens, businesses and towns’, ‘number of green businesses’, ‘tourism’ and ‘economic activities’. The most important ‘social’ variables for stakeholder organisations referred to local populations’ engagement with the MPA, tourism and research. The most important ‘economic’ variables were linked to fishing, shipping and aquaculture activities. These variables highlight relevant topics to be considered in MPA planning, designation and management processes, especially in the UK and France. There were statistically significant differences in the ratings of socioeconomic variables between many organisations belonging to the same intuitive stakeholder categories, suggesting the importance of including as wide a range of stakeholder organisations as feasible in MPA socioeconomic-related processes. Our methods and findings can help to inform and streamline ongoing and future participatory MPA planning, management and monitoring processes in Europe and in other regions with similar socioeconomic characteristics.     

龙江县景星镇十年退耕还林生态影响分析

退耕还林工程是我国生态环境保护建设的一项重大措施,景星镇从2002年实施退耕还林工程以来,森林覆盖率显著提高,生态环境明显变化。主要表现在:水土流失得到有效控制、土壤有机质提高,土壤肥力得以修复;林地涵养水源、固碳释氧的功能得到发挥,生境改善,生物多样性恢复。     

城市餐厨垃圾产量的空间降尺度模拟

文章以厦门岛为例,采用多元回归模拟和空间分析技术相结合的方法,选取了与厦门岛城市餐厨垃圾产量相关的土地利用、GDP、人口等相关社会经济地理因子进行空间化模拟研究。结果表明:(1)所选地理因子均对餐厨垃圾密度空间分布有一定影响,其中商住混合用地、商业服务用地、城镇住宅用地和城中村用地等土地利用类型的面积比例是主要的影响因子。(2)受多种因素共同影响,筼筜湖周边及厦门岛西南等商业繁华的区域餐厨垃圾密度较高,呈现空间集聚效应。(3)模型验证结果较为理想,各街道内餐厨垃圾总量模拟值与统计值比较符合,实现了厦门岛餐厨垃圾总量的降尺度模拟,是研究城市餐厨垃圾分布规律和实现餐厨垃圾产量空间化的一种尝试,以便为城市餐厨垃圾科学管理和决策提供参考,为餐厨垃圾资源化回收利用提供基础空间数据。     

城市内湖表层沉积物中有机氯农药残留特征及风险评价

中国曾大量生产和使用有机氯农药(OCPs),目前虽已被禁止生产和农业中使用,但含三氯杀螨醇的林丹和滴滴涕(DDTs)仍在非法生产和使用。为了解农业大省江西省城市内湖OCPs的残留情况,以鄱阳湖生态经济区象湖为研究对象,用GC/ECD 分析象湖表层沉积物中8 种OCPs的残留水平,采用ArcGIS空间分析、主成分分析法探讨OCPs 的残留特征、来源及其可能的风险。结果表明,8 种OCPs 在象湖表层沉积物中均有不同程度检出,六六六( ∑ HCHs) 含量为nd~61.89 ng/g, ∑ DDTs含量为nd~81.47 ng/g。含量较高的组分为o,p'-DDT、β-HCH和δ-HCH。象湖表层沉积物中OCPs残留空间分布不均,其中象湖南边湿地花卉公园沉积物中OCPs含量相对较高。同中国其他城市内湖/内河相比,象湖表层沉积物中HCHs和DDTs残留水平偏高,这可能与象湖区域曾经作为南昌市农业发展区有关。来源解析结果表明象湖HCHs和DDTs主要来源于农药的历史使用,但近年来很可能有林丹和三氯杀螨醇的输入。风险评价结果显示目前象湖表层沉积物中DDTs类污染物对人体健康风险总体处于较低水平,但湿地花卉公园周边环境生态风险较高,对周围环境的生物毒性较大。研究结果可为城市内湖的污染控制及风险管理提供科学依据。