东太湖沼泽化防治对策研究

东太湖是上海、苏州及浙东等地区主要水源、水产品供给地，但沼泽化严重，且呈现加速发展趋势，在分析其危害和驱动因素的基础上，着重从生态规划，局部清淤１水生植被的改造和管理、渔业的持续发展和统一开发与管理等方面提出具体对策，可为类似泊沼泽化的防治与管理提供参考。     

关于建立“三峡工程环境生态监测网”的建议

本文简要叙述了建立三峡工程环境生态监测网络的必要性，以及它的主要职能和任务，并对监测的主要内容、监测网的组成、监测网成员单位的隶属关系等作了较详细的说明，同时建议把三峡工程环境生态监测中心设在重庆。     

略论工业化学品的风险评价

工业化学品的日益增多和广泛使用，给环境带来了很大的压力。工业化学品的风险评价问题，对环境管理至为重要，国家环保局及国内的工业企业正在讨论有关化学品毒性的控制问题。该文讨论了化学品风险评价的常用术语及基本程序，对生态毒性在评价中的地位特别予以强调，并提出了与其相关的评价程序，即理化参数分析；毒性扫描；亚急性毒性试验和慢性毒性试验或微生态系统试验。     

Dispersal decisions and predispersal behavior in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Polistes</Emphasis> paper wasp ‘workers’

Social insects are popular models for studying the evolution of cooperation. Casteless taxa where individuals have the flexibility to either nest alone or cooperate are particularly valuable for understanding the causes and consequences of cooperative behavior. For example, some ‘workers’ from Polistes paper wasp nests disappear from their natal colony soon after pupal emergence and nest independently. However, little is known about dispersal behavior. In this paper, I compare predispersal behavior of wasps who leave their natal colony soon after emergence with behavior of individuals who remain on the natal colony as true workers. I found that P. dominulus females with short nest tenure behave much like gynes (reproductive-destined offspring produced at the end of the season), as wasps with short nest tenure are behaviorally selfish while on the natal colony. They spend a smaller proportion of their time foraging and a larger proportion of their time resting than workers with long nest tenure. In addition, I assessed the factors that may favor early dispersal. Nest environment strongly influenced dispersal; large colonies had a smaller proportion of females with short nest tenure. Queen turnover also increased dispersal behavior perhaps because queen turnover reduces relatedness between a colony’s current and future offspring, thereby reducing the kin-selected benefits of cooperation. Therefore, casteless social insects exhibit a surprising degree of reproductive flexibility. Individuals may use information about their internal state and nest environment to optimize their behavioral strategies.     

Levels of polyandry and intracolonial genetic relationships in Apis florea

DNA was extracted from worker and drone pupae of each of five colonies of the dwarf honey bee Apis florea. Polymerase chain reactions (PCR) were conducted on DNA extracts using five sets of primers known to amplify microsatellite loci in A. mellifera. Based on microsatellite allele distributions, queens of the five colonies mated with at least 5–14 drones. This is up to 3 times previous maximum estimates obtained from sperm counts. The discrepancy between sperm count and microsatellite estimates of the number of matings in A. florea suggests that despite direct injection of semen into the spermatheacal duct, either A. florea drones inject only a small proportion of their semen, or queens are able to rapidly expel excess semen after mating. A model of sexual selection (first proposed by Koeniger and Koeniger) is discussed in which males attempt to gain reproductive dominance by increasing ejaculate volume and direct injection of spermatozoa into the spermatheca, while queens attempt to maintain polyandry by retaining only a small fraction of each male's ejaculate. It is shown, at least in this limited sample, that the effective number of matings is lower in A. florea than in A. mellifera.     

模糊综合评价在青藏铁路西格段沿线生态环境影响评价中的应用

介绍了模糊综合评价方法,并应用该方法对青藏铁路(西格段)沿线的环境影响,尤其是生态环境影响进行了评价.实例表明,被评价范围内的生态环境敏感性为中等,青藏铁路(西格段)增建第二线的工程对原有地形植被、生态环境造成了一定影响.模糊综合评价方法对于生态环境影响分析与评价具有重要的参考意义和应用价值.     

为发展21世纪的生态工业必须大力实施清洁生产工艺战略

本世纪末，许多工业企业在对付环境问题的广度牙，逐步放弃传统的对工业废弃物进行处理的作法，转而致力于各种废料的产生。工业界应大力实施清洁生产工艺战略，它即可降低生产成本，又可达到环境效果。该战略要求企业在设计和生产产品时谅充分考虑事前如何控制废料产生和环境污染的问题。     

Correspondence between spatial patterns in fish assemblages in ohio streams and aquatic ecoregions

Land classification systems can be useful for assessing aquatic ecosystems if relationships among them exist. Because the character of an aquatic ecosystem depends to a large extent upon the character of the landscape it drains, spatial patterns in aquatic ecosystems should correspond to patterns in the landscape. To test this hypothesis, the US state of Ohio was divided into four aquatic ecoregions based on an analysis of spatial patterns in the combination of land-surface form, land use, potential natural vegetation, and soil parent material. During the period July–October 1983, fish assemblages were sampled in 46 streams that were representative of the ecoregions, and that had watersheds relatively undisturbed by human activities. Spatial patterns of the fish assemblages were examined relative to the ecoregions; distinct regional differences were identified. The assemblages differed most between the Huron/Erie Lake Plain region and the Western Allegheny Plateau region; assemblages in the Eastern Corn Belt Plains and the Erie/Ontario Lake Plain-Interior Plateau regions were intermediate. This pattern also reflects the gradient in landscape character as one moves from the northwest to the southeast of Ohio.     

A paradigm for ecological risk assessment

The 1983 National Academy of Sciences paradigm for conducting human health risk assessment is considered with respect to ecological risk assessment. This four-step paradigm fails to capture key intrinsic differences between the two types of analysis, specifically: identity of risk targets and receptors; identity of the appropriate level of ecological organization at which the risk is expressed; variability of endpoint with respect to risk receptor; and the existence ofrisk cascades through ecological feedback loops. We propose an alternative paradigm that includes a preliminary step,receptor identification, in which chemical partitioning is combined with a conceptual model of the ecosystem to identify appropriate risk targets. In addition, we propose formal inclusion ofendpoint identification and explicit consideration of risk cascades in arelationship assessment in which interactive feedback loops are considered in an iterative process. The proposed paradigm preserves the steps of hazard identification, exposure assessment, dose-response assessment (renamedresponse assessment) and risk characterization, although specific modifications are recommended.     

黄土高原地区农林牧业生态系统中主要灾害及减灾对策

农林牧业在黄土高原地区国民经济发展中占有十分重要的位置。本文根据全区的生态特点,对农业系统的生态环境恶化的几种主要形式进行了分析,同时提出了农林牧业整体建设的综合整治对策。