几种核素在土壤—生物—人体间的积累和转移

本文对Ｕ，Ｋ，＾１３７Ｃｓ，＾９０Ｓｒ等几种核素在土壤－水稻，土壤－茶叶，土壤－蔬菜之间以及水－鱼间的转移情况进行了研究；并考虑到这些核素含量较高的食品（如茶叶、黄豆）不直接全部食入人体，因此，根据人们的饮茶习惯及豆制品（水豆腐）的加工过程进行模拟，对其向人体转移的参数进行了实验研究。由上述实验结果给出了转移参数及相关方程。     

A national critical loads framework for atmospheric deposition effects assessment: I. Method summary

The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), with the assistance of the US Department of Energy (DOE) and the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) is examining the utility of a critical loads approach for evaluating atmospheric pollutant effects on sensitive ecosystems. A critical load has been defined as, “a quantitative estimate of an exposure to one or more pollutants below which significant harmful effects on specified sensitive elements of the environment do not occur according to present knowledge.” Working in cooperation with the United Nations Economic Community for Europe’s (UN-ECE) Long Range Transboundary Air Pollution (LRTAP) Convention, the EPA has developed a flexible, six-step approach for setting critical loads for a range of ecosystem types. The framework is based on regional population characteristics of the ecosystem(s) of concern. The six steps of the approach are: (1) selection of ecosystem components, indicators, and characterization of the resource; (2) definition of functional subregions; (3) characterization of deposition within each of the subregions; (4) definition of an assessment end point; (5) selection and application of models; and (6) mapping projected ecosystem responses. The approach allows for variable ecosystem characteristics and data availability. Specific recognition of data and model uncertainties is an integral part of the process, and the use of multiple models to obtain ranges of critical loads estimates for each ecosystem component in a region is encouraged. Through this intercomparison process uncertainties in critical loads projections can be estimated. The research described in this article has been funded by the US Environmental Protection Agency. This document has been prepared at the EPA Environmental Research Laboratory in Corvallis, Oregon, through contract #68-C8-0006 with Man Tech Environmental Technology, Inc. It has been subjected to the agency’s peer and administrative review and approved for publication. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorse ment or recommendation for use.     

Nontarget-plant risk assessment for pesticide registration

The approach developed by Environment Canada to assess risk to aquatic and terrestrial plants in nontarget habitats potentially exposed to pesticides evaluated for registration is described. An anonymous sample of pesticide submissions is used to illustrate the approach and to examine its merits and limitations in relation to test species, response variability, testing protocols, ecological relevance, and comparability with other regulatory agencies. Future directions are identified, particularly in relation to impending nontarget-plant testing guidelines for pesticide registration in Canada. This approach incorporates some of the latest research and developments in the field of risk assessment for plants. The novelty of this approach also lies in the use of the plant screening data routinely generated by chemical pesticide companies, which is intended to provide a maximum amount of information to evaluators at minimal increment cost to registrants. The proposed approach can serve as a basis for guideline development and modernization for other jurisdictions.     

鸭绿江(丹东段)重金属污染及潜在生态危害评价

本文根据重金属环境化学行为的特点,应用沉积学原理,对鸭绿江(丹东段)的主要重金属污染状况进行了研究;并采用瑞典国家环境保护局乌普萨拉水质实验室的 Lars Hakanson 指数法对重金属的潜在生态危害进行了评价研究     

浅谈乌克兰生态鉴定制度中的公众参与—兼谈对我国的启示

乌克兰实行的是与环境影响评价制度相类似的生态鉴定制度，该制度在制度设计的完备性、科学性、合理性，特别是保障公众参与环境管理和直接参与生态鉴定活动方面具有十分显著的特点。在简要介绍乌克兰生态鉴定制度的基础上，探讨其确保公众参与的几种途径，以期对我国相关的立法与实践有所启示。     

论生态侵权

文章从理论上界定生态侵权的基本含义,阐释了生态侵权与民事侵权、环境侵权、生态犯罪的联系与区别,论述了生态侵权在主体、主观方面、客体、客观方面的法律特征,意欲为生态侵权理论的完善与发展构筑坚实的基础.     

生态文明建设评价指标体系构建与实证分析——以黑龙江省为例

在深刻解读生态文明建设的本质、总结梳理已有生态文明指标体系的基础上,通过专家咨询,系统地构建了一套完整的符合我国国情的生态文明评价指标体系。该指标体系以生态文明建设水平为目标层,下设生态社会、生态经济、生态环境、资源保障、制度建设5个准则层,构建出包含26项指标的生态文明建设评价指标体系。以黑龙江省为例,运用层次分析法对指标赋予权重,收集黑龙江省2006~2013年最新相关统计数据,对黑龙江省生态文明建设进行实证分析与评价,表明黑龙江省生态文明建设进展较为顺利,但在生态文明建设过程中各层面发展不均衡,为此提出应着重加强完善相关制度建设、进一步提高生态资源节约水平、更加全方位保护生态环境的策略。     

城市生态保护红线划定技术研究——以宜昌市为例

划定生态保护红线,是生态文明建设的一项重要任务,对维护国家和区域生态安全及经济社会可持续发展具有重要的战略意义。目前,城市化发展中面临着突出生态环境问题,在城市层面开展生态保护红线的划定工作显得更加紧迫。但现阶段生态保护红线的划分技术上仍处于不断探索与完善阶段。基于此,文章以湖北省宜昌市为例,利用RS和GIS技术,采用"识-评-落-融-分"的技术流程,提出了一套城市生态保护红线体系与划分方法。结果表明:宜昌市生态保护红线体系划分为3个层级:生态保护红线区、生态保护黄线区和生态保护绿线区;生态保护红线区、黄线区和绿线区分别占全市面积的48.83%、31.50%和19.67%。     

论空间规划的“三个空间”与“两个边界”

通过梳理与总结各类具有空间性质的规划中提及的管控空间类型,分析了各类空间性规划在制度与实践中存在的问题,对空间规划的重点内容即生产空间、生态空间、生活空间以及保护边界和开发边界的对象进行了初步划分,并且对"三个空间"和"两个边界"的特征进行了初步归纳。