燃煤小锅炉替代方案论证及效益分析——以济南市为例

通过对燃煤小锅炉各可行替代方案的分析,从环境标准要求、政策要求、环境效益、经济效益和节能等方面,论证了燃煤小锅炉替代的必要性与可行性。结果表明天然气、电和生物质锅炉及集中供热均具有良好的环境效益和经济可行性,可作为燃煤小锅炉的替代方案。济南市通过实施燃煤小锅炉替代,预计将减少烟尘排放量182.61 t/a,减少SO_2排放量898.8 t/a,减少NO_x排放量2 710.7 t/a,与淘汰前燃煤小锅炉排放量相比,分别降低了87.7%、82.9%和86.2%,年可节约折标煤140 903.27 t。节能减排效益显著。可为同类燃煤小锅炉替代工程提供参考。     

基于系统工程的大型舰船综合保障顶层策划技术探讨

运用系统工程理论与方法,结合大型舰船型号研制程序,系统地规划了大型舰船全寿命期综合保障顶层策划的主要工作内容和工作程序,包括建立综合保障工作体系并运行、制订综合保障工作计划、总体综合技术分析、保障性设计准则制定、保障系统设计等14个管理与技术方面内容,该策划具有指导性、可操作性和实用性,它可在大型舰船研制生产和使用过程中的综合保障工作的有效深入开展中发挥重要指导作用,从而进一步优化大型舰船总体综合作战效能。     

规划逻辑转变下的都市圈空间规划方法探讨

应对国家空间治理现代化和国土空间规划体系重构的要求,我国都市圈空间规划面临生态文明导向的政治逻辑转变和资源环境约束下的发展逻辑转变。基于规划逻辑转变,明确了都市圈空间规划是国土空间规划体系中以聚焦空间协同发展为核心的专项规划,从对应需求目标引领和因地制宜问题协调两个视角,提出了都市圈空间规划编制的技术框架。结合当前都市圈空间规划实践和空间规划改革的要求,研究认为规划编制重点应聚焦以传导和协同为导向的指标体系制定、流动性的要素资源优化配置和调控、协同管控和利用的空间格局谋划、跨界组团空间合作等。针对都市圈缺乏统一的实施主体等问题,提出了不同类型都市圈空间规划编制组织方式、规划实施的区域合作机制、都市圈管理信息平台的共建,以及都市圈空间规划实施情况的动态监测等。通过对都市圈空间规划编制理念、技术框架、重点内容和实施组织的系统探讨,将为我国都市圈空间规划的编制和都市圈空间治理的现代化提供理论基础和方法指导。     

长江经济带国土空间纠错实施机制——以江苏省仪征市和张家港市为例

国土空间纠错是自然资源管理部门落实“统一行使所有国土空间用途管制职责”的重要手段,是国土空间管控和治理的重要内容。以江苏省仪征市和张家港市为例,探究国土空间错配类型、表现形式及成因,尝试构建国土空间纠错实施机制,以期为长江经济带国土空间用途管制制度构建提供理论和实践参考。研究结果表明：（1）国土空间错配类型主要有：因规划欠合理、规划缺乏、规划冲突引起的错配,城镇、农业、生态三大空间现状用途错配,因劳动力、资本、土地错配及环境规制要求引起的行业错配,因资源过度利用或低效利用引起的强度错配。（2）针对不同错配类型,可从建立“三线”协调机制、构建“全流程、多主体、多路径”分类纠错机制、完善国土空间用途管制制度、建立国土综合整治和生态修复保障机制及动态监管机制等角度入手,构建国土空间纠错机制体系。研究结果可为长江经济带国土空间纠错、国土空间用途管制、国土空间优化提供理论和实践参考。     

Influence of new generic frequencies on the QRA calculations for land use planning purposes in Walloon region (Belgium)

In Europe, the article 12 of the “Seveso” Directive focuses on land use planning (LUP) around major hazard plants and imposes to keep a sufficient distance between a major hazard plant and populated areas. In Belgium, the LUP is treated at the regional level. The regional authority defines the policy and manages the LUP according to the quantified risk. The quantified external risk, around each Seveso company in the Walloon Region, is assessed by a unique technical expert, the Faculté Polytechnique de Mons, by means of a full probabilistic approach (QRA). This QRA methodology uses accident generic frequencies published by the Flemish Region (Aminal, 2004). In 2009-2010, the quantification of the external risk of the 90 walloon Seveso plants will be completed, based on this set of generic frequencies. However, the Flemish Region recently published a new set of generic frequencies (LNE, 2009), which, in some cases, are quite different of the previous ones for some equipment. This paper discusses the influence of the new frequency data on the quantified risk. An overview of the changes induced by the new set of data will be presented, as well as their impact on the already defined "consultation zones" in which decisions are made concerning the compatibility of the land use and the intensity of risk.     

北京地区村镇建筑防火现状调查与分析

火灾统计资料显示农村地区建筑面临比城市地区要高的火灾风险。为了掌握北京周边农村地区村镇建筑防火情况,保护农村地区人民生命财产安全,有效预防村镇建筑火灾,从村镇规划及布局、消防安全现状、户舍基本情况以及户舍内外的火灾载荷调查入手,对北京周边区县村镇建筑防火现状进行调查与分析。分析调查结果,发现该地区村镇建筑防火条件薄弱,与相关规范差距很大,人员消防意识淡薄,火灾隐患大。根据调查结果提出了有效的防火改进措施。     

含硫气田井喷事故行动计划(IAP)编制研究

本文对国内外事故行动计划的研究进展进行了系统性总结,分析了含硫气田井喷事故发生的原因以及特点.结合我国现行的事故应急工作体系,将事故行动计划应用在含硫气田井喷事故应急工作中,提出了针对含硫气田井喷事故的事故行动计划编制方法,建立了包括现状分析、设立事故目标、确定应急组织体系和职责、制定应急处置措施、调配应急资源、开展评估与监控在内的含硫气田井喷事故行动计划编制技术体系.事故行动计划的制定与实施,可有效提高含硫气田应急工作的针对性和指导性,对含硫气田井喷事故应急工作具有重要作用.     

Compliance of Australian threatened species recovery plans with legislative requirements

Recovery plans are the main documents supporting management decision-making for threatened species. We evaluated Australian recovery plans to assess their appropriateness as conservation and management planning instruments. Six legislative requirements (species information and general requirements, species distribution and location, known and potential threats, objectives, performance criteria and actions, duration of the plan, and estimated costs of plan implementation) were used to assess the degree of compliance of recovery plans with the relevant legislation. We assessed all 236 official recovery plans which had been adopted as at January 2006. The results showed that plans were most compliant regarding the setting of objectives, performance criteria, recovery actions, and duration of plan. Most plans included a single performance criterion that was generally related to the population status of target species. Improvement is required in relation to identification of current threats and critical habitats, and the establishment of basic elements of monitoring and evaluation for measuring recovery progress. Gaps in ecological information are the main factors affecting adequate compliance with legislative requirements as opposed to managerial information (e.g. clarity in establishing the implementation schedule, costs and resource allocation). Planning deficiencies could be addressed by improving the recovery planning guidelines and more carefully reviewing the drafting and adoption of new plans.     

EIA application in China's expressway infrastructure: clarifying the decision-making hierarchy

China's EIA Law came into effect in 2003 and formally requires road transport infrastructure development actions to be subject to Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). EIAs (including project EIA and plan EIA, or strategic environmental impact assessment, SEA) have been being widely applied in the expressway infrastructure planning field. Among those applications, SEA is applied to provincial level expressway network (PLEI) plans, and project EIA is applied to expressway infrastructure development 'projects' under PLEI plans. Three case studies (one expressway project EIA and two PLEI plan SEAs) were examined to understand currently how EIAs are applied to expressway infrastructure development planning. Through the studies, a number of problems that significantly influence the quality of EIA application in the field were identified. The reasons causing those problems are analyzed and possible solutions are suggested aimed at enhancing EIA practice, helping deliver better decision-making and ultimately improving the environmental performance of expressway infrastructure.     

Recycling, reuse and energetic valuation of meat industry wastes in Extremadura (Spain)

The environmental problem caused by the effluents from the four main agrifood industries in Extremadura (W Spain) is evaluated in the present work. In particular, attention is paid to the management of wastes from slaughterhouse operations. Pollution is quantified in terms of equivalent population and biological oxygen demand, for which very high values are reported.Efforts are also focused on the search of viable technical solutions for the treatment of those residues and their energetic valuation. In this sense, anaerobic digestion techniques are proposed, not only because they lead to a drastic decrease in their pollution potential, but also because significant volumes of biogas are obtained. This biogas might be used to produce electricity to be transferred to the electrical network. This way, anaerobic digestion plants would allow depreciation within a relatively short period.In particular, an analysis of the economics of a plant for the codigestion of solid and liquid effluents from meat industry is carried out, and a payback time between 7 and 8 years was achieved.