Understanding the electrode reaction process of dechlorination of 2,4-dichlorophenol over Ni/Fe nanoparticles: Effect of pH and 2,4-dichlorophenol concentration

Herein,with the exploitation of iron and nickel electrodes,the 2,4-dichlorophenol(2,4-DCP)dechlorinating processes at the anode and cathode,respectively,were separately studied via various electrochemical techniques(e.g.,Tafel polarization,linear polarization,electrochemical impedance spectroscopy).With this in mind,Ni/Fe nanoparticles were prepared by chemical solution deposition,and utilized to test the dechlorination activities of 2,4-DCP over a bimetallic system.For the iron anode,the results showed that higher 2,4-DCP concentration and solution acidity aggravated the corrosion within the electrode.The charge transfer resistance(R_(ct))values of the iron electrode were 703,473,444,and 437Ω·cm~2 for the initial 2,4-DCP concentrations of0,20,50,and 80 mg/L,respectively.When the bulk pH of the 2,4-DCP solution varied from 3.0,5.0to 7.0,the corresponding R_(ct) values were 315,376,and 444Ω·cm~2,respectively.For the nickel cathode,the reduction current densities on the electrode at-0.75 V(vs.saturated calomel electrode)were 80,106,and 111μA/cm~2,for initial 2,4-DCP concentrations of 40,80,and125 mg/L.The dechlorination experiments demonstrated that when the initial pH of the solution was 7.0,5.0,and 3.0,the dechlorination percentage of 2,4-DCP by Ni/Fe nanoparticles was 62%,69%,and 74%,respectively,which was in line with the electrochemical experiments.10 wt.%Ni loading into Ni/Fe bimetal was affordable and gave a good dechlorination efficiency of 2,4-DCP,and fortunately the Ni/Fe nanoparticles remained comparatively stable in the dechlorination processes at pH 3.0.     

ICP-AES法测定煤矸石中的Ni、Fe、Mn、Cr

取1.000g矸石样品于聚四氟乙烯坩埚中,加入5mLH2O2放置过夜,加6mL浓HCl,4mL浓HNO3,在微波炉中消解至近干,再加2mLHF,继续消解至粘稠状,用温热稀HCl溶解残渣,转入50mL容量瓶中,加1%HNO3定容,用ICP-AES法测定煤矸中Ni、Fe、Mn、Cr。在选定的测定条件下,检出限分别为0.013mg/L、0.0044mg/L、0.0014mg/L和0.0069mg/L;精密度的相对标准偏差分别为2.9%、3.4%、3.1%、2.1%;准确度实验铬的回收率在97.5%～106.0%之间。     

废物水泥窑共处置产品中Ni释放的pH影响

通过模拟煅烧实验制取水泥熟料,并制取混凝土样品。参照NEN7375浸出方法,设定5种不同pH值的浸取液,研究了pH值对混凝土块中重金属Ni释放的影响.结果表明,浸取液的pH=2.00、3.50、5.00、7.35和10.0时,混凝土中Ni的累积释放量分别为1.64、0.167、0.038、0.019和0.025mg/kg;酸性范围内,累积释放量随着pH值的增大而减小,并在弱碱性条件下达到最小值,碱性范围内,随pH值的增大而呈增加的趋势。pH值对Ni的释放过程有影响,pH=3.50和7.35的浸取液中,混凝土中Ni的释放机理为扩散控制,释放曲线与斜率为0.5的直线拟合较佳,且不同区间浸出量曲线的斜率均在0.35～0.65范围内;pH=2.00和5.00的溶液中,Ni的释放在前、中期为扩散控制,后期发生了耗竭作用;pH为10.0条件下,Ni的释放在前期发生了延滞现象,中期为扩散控制,而后期发生了耗竭。     

零价铁对重金属和硝酸根的同步去除研究

为考察零价铁粉(Fe^O)同步快速处理废水中多种污染物的可能性,研究了Fe^０同步处理Cu²⁺、 Ni²⁺、 Cr(Ⅵ)等重金属离子和硝酸根.实验结果表明,硝酸盐对重金属离子的去除无明显影响,而不同重金属离子则对硝酸盐的去除有不同的影响.Fe^０同步去除水中的NO^-₃和Cu²⁺时,明显地提高了硝酸盐的去除率和反应速度,反应120 min使NO^-₃的去除率从38.2%提高到了95.0％,相应反应速率常数k_obs也从0.004 3 min^-1提高到了0.033 9 min^-1,且k_obs与Cu²⁺的初始浓度呈线性关系.Fe^０同步去除水中的NO^-₃ 和Cu²⁺时,由于Cu²⁺的存在,使得铁还原NO^-₃的表观活化能由40.8 　kJ·mol^-1降低到21.1 　kJ·mol^-1. 从而加快了Fe^０还原NO^-₃的反应速度.Fe^０同步去除水中的NO^-₃ 和Ni²⁺时,它们之间的相互影响较小.Fe^０同步去除水中的NO^-₃和Cr(Ⅵ)时,溶液中的硝酸盐浓度几乎保持不变,Cr(Ⅵ)的存在明显阻碍了铁粉还原脱除硝酸盐反应的发生.     

An unforgettable event: a qualitative study of the 1997–98 El Niño in northern Peru

During the 1997–98 El Niño, Tumbes, Peru received 16 times the annual average rainfall. This study explores how Tumbes residents perceived the impact of the El Niño event on basic necessities, transport, health care, jobs and migration. Forty‐five individuals from five rural communities, some of which were isolated from the rest of Tumbes during the event, participated in five focus groups; six of these individuals constructed nutrition diaries. When asked about events in the past 20 years, participants identified the 1997–98 El Niño as a major negative event. The El Niño disaster situation induced a decrease in access to transport and health care and the rise in infectious diseases was swiftly contained. Residents needed more time to rebuild housing; recover agriculture, livestock and income stability; and return to eating sufficient animal protein. Although large‐scale assistance minimized effects of the disaster, residents needed more support. Residents' perspectives on their risk of flooding should be considered in generating effective assistance policies and programmes.     

碳纳米管负载的镍及其氧化物对高毒气体PH3的催化分解性能

采用沉积-沉淀法制备了均一负载于碳纳米管(CNTs)载体的金属Ni和NiO,将其应用于PH3催化分解反应.通过XRD、TEM、XPS、BET等一系列检测手段,对样品的相结构、形貌、组分和比表面积进行了表征.研究结果表明,反应过程中,Ni和NiO很快被磷化为高活性的金属磷化物NiP2,作为反应的活性相.在420℃温度下,两样品对PH3的催化分解率均可达到99.5%以上.将反应中原位生成的NiP2进行催化反应,较钝化-还原的处理方式更有利于样品催化性能的保持.     

Co- or Ni-modified Sn-MnOx low-dimensional multi-oxides for high-efficient NH3-SCR De-NOx: Performance optimization and reaction mechanism

NH₃-SCR performances were explored to the relationship between structure morphology and physio-chemical properties over low-dimensional ternary Mn-based catalysts prepared by one-step synthesis method.Due to its strong oxidation performance,Sn-MnOx was prone to side reactions between NO,NH₃ and O₂,resulting in the generation of more NO₂ and N₂ O,here most of N₂ O was driven from the non-selective oxidation of NH₃,while ...     

Selective recovery of Cu2+ and Ni2+ from wastewater using bioelectrochemical system

As the bioelectrochemical system, the microbial fuel cell (MFC) and the microbial electrolysis cell (MEC) were developed to selectively recover Cu²⁺ and Ni²⁺ ions from wastewater. The wastewater was treated in the cathode chambers of the system, in which Cu²⁺ and Ni²⁺ ions were removed by using the MFC and the MEC, respectively. At an initial Cu²⁺ concentration of 500 mg·L^-1, removal efficiencies of Cu²⁺ increased from 97.0%±1.8% to 99.0%±0.3% with the initial Ni²⁺ concentrations from 250 to 1000 mg·L^-1, and maximum power densities increased from 3.1±0.5 to 5.4±0.6 W·m^-3. The Ni²⁺ removal mass in the MEC increased from 6.8±0.2 to 20.5±1.5 mg with the increase of Ni²⁺ concentrations. At an initial Ni²⁺ concentration of 500 mg·L^-1, Cu²⁺ removal efficiencies decreased from 99.1%±0.3% to 74.2%±3.8% with the initial Cu²⁺ concentrations from 250 to 1000 mg·L^-1, and maximum power densities increased from 3.0±0.1 to 6.3±1.2 W·m^-3. Subsequently, the Ni²⁺ removal efficiencies decreased from 96.9%±3.1% to 73.3%±5.4%. The results clearly demonstrated the feasibility of selective recovery of Cu²⁺ and Ni²⁺ from the wastewater using the bioelectrochemical system.     

Non-linear ecological processes, fires, environmental heterogeneity and shrub invasion in northwestern Patagonia

The emergent behaviors of nature are not only the sum of interactions among ecosystem parts but also depend on the organization of these interactions. Fire, climate and vegetation patterns produce non-linear fire propagation across the landscape. Environmental heterogeneity, like outcrop presence and hare density, increases landscape patchiness and makes possible the occupation of fire refuges by plants, like Fabiana imbricata shrubs. We monitored shrub recruitment and cover during nine postfire years in northwestern Patagonia grasslands and we studied the long-term population dynamics under different environmental conditions through a matrix model, exploring different fire frequencies and spring precipitation regimes. Both, the field monitoring and the model seem to confirm the relationships between shrub invasion and fire. The climate change forecast predicts an increase in the frequency of El Niño Southern Oscillation phenomena that could causes more coupled fires—rainy springs in northwestern Patagonia, and consequently, more recruitment windows for shrubs, like F. imbricata. The matrix model also indicates that this scenario would be the most favourable for shrub invasion. Our results contribute to the knowledge of the ecosystem properties and processes, providing useful information to improve the grasslands sustainable use.     

重金属Cr(Ⅵ)和Ni对旱伞草富集能力及其生理生化指标的影响

采用水培方法,研究了在不同重金属Cr(Ⅵ)(0~50 mg/L)和Ni(0~50 mg/L)浓度下旱伞草(Cyperus alternifolius)的富集能力及生理生化指标的变化规律。研究结果表明:(1)旱伞草中积累的重金属含量随处理浓度的增加逐渐增加,Cr(Ⅵ)在其地上部和根部富集量分别达到958.00 mg/kg和2 874.44 mg/kg,Ni在其地上部和根部富集量分别达到1 655.46 mg/kg和2 511.20 mg/kg;(2)在Cr(Ⅵ)和Ni胁迫下,随着Cr(Ⅵ)和Ni浓度的增加,旱伞草生物量、叶绿素含量、根系活力均呈先上升后下降的趋势;(3)脯氨酸的含量随着Cr(Ⅵ)胁迫浓度的增加,呈现为先上升后降低的趋势,而随着Ni胁迫浓度的增加,则为先缓慢上升而后急剧升高。旱伞草对Cr(Ⅵ)和Ni具有较强的富集能力且主要分布在根部,虽不是Cr(Ⅵ)和Ni超积累植物,但具有较强的稳定化能力,在污染水体的修复方面有一定应用潜力。