两种类型的厄尔尼诺事件对大气环流及黑龙江省低温洪涝灾害的影响

厄尔尼诺事件按发生时间可分为：春季型和秋季型,按发生源地又可分为东部型和西部型。它们都有在春季阿留申低槽发展向西摆动,到夏季控制我国东北地区的特征。这种形势下,对黑龙江省灾害天气的影响主要看副高的变化。春季型副高弱,北界偏南脊点偏东则有低温发生;副高强,北界偏北脊点西伸则有高温洪涝灾害。秋季型由于乌拉尔低槽和阿留申低槽于夏季在东北汇合加强,易造成低温多雨。东部型的天气过程与秋季型基本相似,也易发生低温。西部型天气过程与其它型差异较大,在夏季东亚区维持一脊一槽型,如副高强脊点偏西有洪涝;如副高北界偏南则低温多雨,副高偏北则高温洪涝。由此,利用厄尔尼诺的类型及大气环流变化就可提前预报低温洪涝灾害。     

镍/铁和铜/铁双金属降解四氯乙烯的研究

选用镍 /铁和铜 /铁双金属对四氯乙烯 (PCE)进行脱氯试验 .结果表明 ,双金属系统对四氯乙烯有明显的脱氯作用 ,且脱氯反应符合准一级反应动力学方程 ,双金属在降解PCE的过程中 ,无三氯乙烯 (TCE)、二氯乙烯 (DCE)和氯乙烯 (VC)等中间产物形成 ,与零价铁系统相比 ,双金属系统对PCE的降解速率有明显提高 ,尤其是Ni/Fe双金属 ,反应速率常数kSA从 0 1 2 89ml·m- 2 ·h- 1 提高到 0 3697ml·m- 2 ·h- 1 ,Cu/Fe双金属的反应速率常数kSA为 0 2 2 79ml·m- 2 ·h- 1 .无论是哪种反应介质 ,在制备过程中干燥与否对脱氯速率都有很大的影响     

Black beak tip coloration as a signal of phenotypic quality in a migratory seabird

Many different seabirds including terns have black color at the tip of their beak, but a yellow, orange, or red color of the rest of the beak. The tip of the beak of Arctic terns Sterna paradisaea is black, while the rest of the beak is deep red during the breeding season. We hypothesized that the black coloration of the tip of the beak is a reliable signal of phenotypic quality maintained by the costs of deposition of melanin. In this paper, we tested a number of predictions arising from this hypothesis. Consistent with the hypothesis, we found that (1) Arctic terns mated assortatively with respect to beak color score; (2) early breeding adults had larger beak color scores than late breeders; (3) clutch size was larger in adults with large beak color scores; (4) adults with a small beak color scores were more likely to die in the immediate future than individuals with large scores; and (5) beak color score was related to environmental conditions at the breeding grounds, as reflected by the North Atlantic Oscillation and the amount of fertilizer used in agriculture, and hence, leaking to coastal waters and environmental conditions at the Antarctic wintering areas as reflected by the Southern Oscillation. These findings suggest that beak color score provide reliable information about individual phenotypic quality.     

金属薄板抗7.62 mm普通弹枪击性能的实验研究

目的 评估覆钢板复杂结构的抗枪击性能,开展薄钢板抗枪击性能研究.方法 采用56式步枪人工发射方式,分别开展4、8 mm厚06Cr19Ni10单层钢板与8、16 mm厚30CrMoA单层钢板以及06Cr19Ni10与30CrMoA(4 mm+8 mm与8 mm+8 mm两种厚度组合)双层钢板抗7.62 mm普通弹的枪击试验,测量子弹着靶速度与穿靶余速,观测靶板的破坏模式,理论分析单层钢板的弹道极限速度.结果 7.62 mm普通弹不能穿透16 mm厚30CrMoA单层钢板以及所有参试双层钢板,其余参试单层钢板均能被穿透.基于Recht-Ipson模型,4、8 mm厚06Cr19Ni10与8 mm厚30CrMoA单层钢板弹道极限速度分别为511.7、498.6、684.3 m/s.结论 薄钢板随厚度的增加,破坏模式从韧性扩孔向塞块推出转变,均为韧性破坏模式.强度较高的背衬板有助于提高前钢板的抗侵彻性能.     

El Niño‐Southern Oscillation,rainfall variability and sustainable agricultural development in the Ho Municipality,Ghana

El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO), which occurs in the Equatorial Pacific Ocean, has been identified to have significant influence on rainfall variability throughout the world, especially in the tropics. Such variability in rainfall has implications for agrarian economies, such as that in Ghana. This study therefore sought to demonstrate the effect of ENSO‐induced variability in annual and seasonal rainfall on the development of sustainable agriculture in the Ho Municipality of Ghana. Using 61 years of monthly rainfall data (1955–2015) for the Ho Municipality and ENSO indices, this study showed that 15% of the variability in total annual rainfall is explained by the ENSO phenomena. Mean annual rainfall and rainfall in the major rainy season decreased for El Niño years, in addition to a more variable rainfall compared to that received in La Niña years. The major growing season was observed to be longer in La Niña years and shorter in El Niño years. This means that the potential for crop cultivation will be severely hampered in an El Niño year. Farmers within the municipality are therefore encouraged to harness other complementary water sources for farming activities and also employ water management strategies during El Niño years.     

Nickel recovery from electronic waste II Electrodeposition of Ni and Ni–Fe alloys from diluted sulfate solutions

This study focuses on the electrodeposition of Ni and Ni–Fe alloys from synthetic solutions similar to those obtained by the dissolution of electron gun (an electrical component of cathode ray tubes) waste. The influence of various parameters (pH, electrolyte composition, Ni²⁺/Fe²⁺ ratio, current density) on the electrodeposition process was investigated. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRFA) were used to provide information about the obtained deposits’ thickness, morphology, and elemental composition. By controlling the experimental parameters, the composition of the Ni–Fe alloys can be tailored towards specific applications. Complementarily, the differences in the nucleation mechanisms for Ni, Fe and Ni–Fe deposition from sulfate solutions have been evaluated and discussed using cyclic voltammetry and potential step chronoamperometry. The obtained results suggest a progressive nucleation mechanism for Ni, while for Fe and Ni–Fe, the obtained data points are best fitted to an instantaneous nucleation model.     

烟气脱硫石膏催化还原为硫化钙的研究

采用Fe-Ni复合催化剂,在温度650℃条件下即可将烟气脱硫石膏催化还原为硫化钙,还原率达95%以上。研究了反应温度、催化剂加入量及还原气体含量因素对还原反应的影响。     

Ni/Fe二元金属脱氯降解对氯苯酚的研究

研究了Ni/Fe二元金属脱氯降解对氯苯酚的催化性能.结果表明,吸附氢原子是对氯苯酚脱氯降解的主要还原剂,发生在催化剂表面的化学反应为整个过程的速率控制步骤.质量分数为2.96%Ni的催化剂具有最大的比表面积,在相同条件下也具有最好的脱氯性能,90min时的脱氯效率达64%.对不同Ni含量催化剂脱氯的动力学研究表明,对氯苯酚脱氯的表观动力学方程为一级反应,而且反应速率常数正比于催化剂的比表面积.通过计算表明,Ni/Fe单位比表面的表观速率常数为(κ′)为7.61×10^-4min^-1·m^-2.当体系温度小于43℃时,脱氯效率随着温度的上升而加快,超过这一温度后,升高温度反而会使体系的脱氯效率下降.     

活性炭阴极电化学法回收废水中Ni(Ⅱ)的研究

研究了采用活性炭阴极电化学法,回收废水中的Ni(Ⅱ)生产硫酸镍的工艺。着重探讨了电流密度、Ni(Ⅱ)的初始浓度、溶液的pH值与反应温度对Ni(Ⅱ)回收率的影响。在电流密度为0.05A/cm2,废水中Ni(Ⅱ)的含量为250 mg/L,溶液pH值为6.0、温度为30℃及反应时间为150min条件下,废水中的Ni(Ⅱ)回收率达99.2%。     

低温燃烧合成纳米Ni掺杂TiO2光催化剂的表征及活性研究

采用低温燃烧合成法制备了Ni掺杂TiO₂光催化剂,通过紫外-可见漫反射光谱(UV-Vis DRS)、X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、激光散射、热重-差示扫描量热分析(TG-DSC)等方法对催化剂的光吸收特性、晶相组成、粒度分布、升温过程中化学变化等进行了表征,以亚甲基蓝为模型污染物考察了催化剂在可见光下的光催化活性.结果表明,相对P25而言,Ni掺杂TiO₂的光吸收带边红移,当Ni/Ti原子比为0.4时,催化剂的带隙宽度为2.3eV,对应的吸收带边为564nm;催化剂晶型以锐钛矿TiO₂为主,随Ni掺杂量增大,NiTiO₃比例升高;催化剂粒径主要分布在50～150nm之间,占总量的96.9%;升温过程中催化剂在445.2℃发生晶型转化,出现锐钛矿和NiTiO₃晶体.催化剂显示出较高的催化活性,在可见光作用150min后最高可使93.9%的亚甲基蓝分解,活性高于P25.