我国报废汽车回收拆解企业发展的关键问题研究

报废汽车回收拆解具有巨大的经济、环境和社会效益。我国报废汽车回收拆解企业正面临极佳的发展环境,但目前存在着诸多问题,需要进行转型升级。提出报废汽车回收拆解企业转型升级过程中存在的若干关键问题,即回收阶段中的报废汽车量预测、回收模式选择、报废汽车回收网络构建;拆解阶段中的拆解工艺选择、拆解设备选择;产品销售阶段中的产品分类及市场分析、销售模式确定及销售网络构建、产品定价等问题,并对这些问题进行分析,提供解决方法和措施。     

气瓶腐蚀缺陷应力分析及寿命预测*

为研究气瓶全生命周期腐蚀缺陷与剩余寿命的关系,基于ANSYS建立某型号车用压缩天然气钢瓶有限元模型,分析内腐蚀深度0.1~3.0 mm状态下,气瓶Mises应力分布与应力强度变化规律;根据应力分析,应用局部应力应变理论和修正的Manson Coffin公式进行寿命预测。结果表明:随着气瓶腐蚀缺陷的加深,气瓶额定载荷下的应力分布呈现向缺陷区域集中、应力强度增大的趋势,且腐蚀曲线存在明显拐点;使用应力分析与寿命预测相结合的方法,得出含腐蚀缺陷车用气瓶寿命—腐蚀深度关系曲线,可为气瓶安全使用管理提供参考。     

石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定农产品中痕量铍

采用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定农产品中痕量铍,比较了微波消解和电热板消解两种前处理方法,选择了基体改良剂。方法在0μg／L—4.00μg／L范围内线性良好,微波消解法和电热板消解法的检出限分别为0.002mg／kg和0.0002mg／kg,标样平行测定的RSD为2.4％—4.1％,农产品加标回收率为80.0％—95.0％。     

Child passenger restraint use and emergency department--reported injuries: a special study using the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System-All Injury Program, 2004

INTRODUCTION: In 2004, more than 180,000 child passengers aged 相似文献   

济南市机动车保有现状及其污染排放控制措施

近年来,济南市机动车保有量增长较快,本文主要研究济南市机动车的保有现状、发展趋势和机动车污染排放分布状况,在机动车污染控制方面提出了应对措施,包括：发展清洁汽车、优先发展大型公交、严格控制机动车污染排放、严格执行机动车报废制度、实施机动车环保分类标志管理等。     

Enhanced biodegradation of pentachlorophenol in unsaturated soil using reversed field electrokinetics

This study investigated the use of electrokinetics in unsaturated soil to promote biodegradation of pentachlorophenol through increased contact between bacteria and contaminant. Soil microcosms, contaminated with approximately 100 mg kg⁻¹ pentachlorophenol (containing [¹⁴C]-PCP as a tracer), and inoculated with a specific pentachlorophenol-degrading bacterium (Sphingobium sp. UG30–1 × 10⁸ cfu g⁻¹) were subjected to constant and regularly reversed electric currents (10 mA). The former caused large pH and moisture content changes due to water electrolysis and electroosmotic effects, with subsequent negative impacts on biodegradation parameters including enzyme activity and contaminant mineralisation (as measured by ¹⁴CO₂ evolution rate). The reversed field caused little change in pH and moisture content and led to more rapid contaminant mineralisation, lower soil contaminant concentration in the majority of the microcosms and increased soil enzyme activity (with the exception of soil immediately adjacent to the anode). The presence of an electric field, if suitably applied, may therefore enhance contaminant biodegradation in unsaturated soil.     

Spatial disaggregation of traffic emission inventories in large cities using simplified top–down methods

Simple, inexpensive and accurate methods for assessing the spatial distribution of traffic emissions are badly needed for the environmental management in South American cities. In this study, various spatial disaggregation methods of traffic emissions of carbon monoxide are presented and evaluated for a large city (Santiago de Chile). Previous methods have used a simplified road network as a proxy for deriving spatial patterns of emissions. However, these approaches resulted in underestimation of emissions in urban centers, industrial zones and highly loaded roads, as well as overestimation in residential zones. Here we modify these methods by adding data correlated with the emissions (e.g. traffic counts, vehicles mean speed, road capacity) solving partially or completely the indicated problems. After an accuracy-simplicity analysis two methodologies stand out over the others: using traffic count classification and using a land use map, both combined with a simplified road network. Both are top–down approaches that correlate well (0.9) with the reference emissions and capture emission peaks (within 30% relative error). Hence the proposed changes allow an improved balance between accuracy and costs (monetary, availability of data and time to obtain data).     

珠江三角洲机动车挥发性有机物排放化学成分谱研究

根据珠三角地区机动车挥发性有机物排放(VOCs)贡献特征,选取在用轻型汽油车、轻型柴油车、液化石油气(LPG)出租车和摩托车,采用底盘测功机及实际道路测试,获取了以上车型尾气排放的VOCs化学成分(59种非甲烷碳氢化合物)特征谱.轻型汽油车以及摩托车的尾气组成中芳香烃含量最高,其次为烷烃;苯系物、异戊烷以及乙烯占轻型汽油车尾气VOCs组成的54.5%;苯系物、异戊烷以及乙炔占摩托车尾气组成的54.6%.轻型柴油车的尾气组成中烷烃比例最高,其次是芳香烃和烯炔烃.除了苯和甲苯,正十一烷、正十二烷、正癸烷、乙烯、丙烯、1-丁烯亦在柴油车尾气中占有重要比例(41.2%).LPG出租车尾气组成以丙烷、正丁烷、异丁烷为主,并伴有较高比例的1,2,4-三甲基苯、1,2,3-三甲基苯和甲苯.与类似研究比较结果表明:由于在油品、排放标准及采样与分析方法等方面的差异,机动车排放源成分谱相关研究结果仍存在一定的差异性,建议对机动车成分谱研究在尾气采样与分析方法等方面进行规范化和标准化.     

中国氢燃料电池车燃料生命周期的化石能源消耗和CO2排放

氢燃料电池车(FCV)具有运行阶段高能效和零排放的优点,近年来得到快速的商业化发展.氢能生产具有多种技术路径,不同路径的能源和环境效益存在显著差异.本研究采用生命周期评价方法,运用GREET模型对不同氢燃料路径下的FCV燃料周期(WTW)的化石能源消耗和CO_2排放进行了全面评价.选取了多种制氢路径作为评价对象,建立了中国本地化的FCV燃料生命周期数据库,在此基础上分析了FCV相对传统汽油车的WTW节能减排效益,并和混合动力车和纯电动车进行比较.结果表明,使用可再生电力和生物质等绿色能源制氢供应FCV能取得显著的WTW节能减排效益,可削减约90%的化石能耗和CO_2排放.在发展相对成熟的传统能源制氢路径中,以焦炉煤气制得氢气为原料的FCV,能产生显著的节能减排效益,其化石能耗低于混合动力车,CO_2排放低于混合动力车和纯电动车.结合对资源储备和技术成熟度的考虑,我国在发展氢能及FCV过程中,近期可考虑利用焦炉煤气等工业副产物制氢,并且规划中远期的绿色制氢技术发展.     

缸内直喷汽油车颗粒物数量及可溶性有机组分排放特性

以一辆国V排放缸内直喷汽油车为研究对象,试验研究了NEDC、FTP-75和WLTC对该车颗粒物质量、23nm~2.5μm固态颗粒物数量、5.6~560nm超细颗粒数量及粒径分布、颗粒物有机组分的影响.结果表明：NEDC、FTP-75、WLTC颗粒粒径分布基本相同,均呈对数双峰分布,在9nm和60nm两个粒径处出现峰值;5.6~23nm颗粒物数量排放占5.6~560nm颗粒物数量的43.1%~57.7%;与NEDC比较,加减速比例高、瞬态性强的FTP-75、WLTC循环的颗粒物质量、23nm~2.5μm固态颗粒数量、5.6~560nm颗粒数量排放增大;缸内直喷汽油车的颗粒物可溶性有机物组分占颗粒物的20.5%~27.9%,可溶性有机物主要为C16和C18的脂肪酸、C20~C29烷径和5环以上的高分子量多环芳烃,测试循环对颗粒SOF排放及组分产生影响,瞬态性强的FTP-75、WLTC的PAHs比例增加.