interactions amongst policies designed to resolve individual air issues

Six air issues are currently on science and policy agendas in Canadaand elsewhere. These are climate change, stratospheric ozone depletion(increased UV-B radiation), acidic deposition, SMOG (increasedground-level ozone), suspended particulate matter, and hazardous airpollutants. Atmospheric scientists and decision makers have largelyaddressed these issues individually resulting in single-issue policies. However, it is now recognized that these issues are inter-related, andthey may interact to cause negative as well as some beneficial effects,not only on the state of the atmosphere but also on societal andecological systems. This paper illustrates through several examples theatmospheric dysfunction caused by the linkages among the six airissues. It also points to potentially conflicting policies arising from thesingle-issue approach, and it emphasizes the need for better integrationof air issues. The linkages are summarized qualitatively in Table I.     

Effects of ultraviolet radiation on toad early life stages

Background  Exposure to harmful levels of ultraviolet-B radiation (UVB), a component of solar radiation, has been suggested as a potential cause of amphibian declines. Methods  We measured solar radiation (UVB, ultraviolet-A, and visible) wavebands in breeding ponds of Bufo boreas (boreal toad, a montane species that has undergone severe population declines) and Bufo woodhousii (Woodhouse’s toad, a plains toad that has not experienced declines) and examined tolerances of these species to simulated solar UVB exposures in the laboratory. Results  We found larvae of both species to be tolerant of simulated solar UVB in excess of solar UVB levels observed in their breeding ponds. B. boreas tadpoles were more tolerant of simulated solar UVB exposure than B. woodhousii tadpoles, possibly because of greater amounts of photoprotective melanin in B. boreas skin. Conclusions  UVB levels observed in B. boreas habitats do not currently appear to constitute a threat to the survival of these animals; however, long-term (>1 month) exposure to UVB levels comparable to levels associated with the water interface appears to reduce survival in B. woodhousii tadpoles. Therefore, future increases in surface and water column UVB radiation in bufonid habitats might pose significant survival risks to B. boreas or B. woodhousii populations.     

多相光催化反应器辐射能模型的建立与验证

采用双通量模型模拟了管式三相流化床光催化反应器中辐射能分布和局部体积能量吸收速率,并采用负载型TiO2/SiO2光催化剂进行了实验验证,考察了液相介质、通气量及催化剂浓度对光辐射强度和体积能量吸收速率的影响.实验结果表明,实验数据和模型计算值能够较好吻合,蒸馏水做液相介质时,可将气液鼓泡流看成单一的连续相,催化剂浓度越...     

移动通信基站电磁辐射实例分析

随着移动通信技术的发展,基站的电磁辐射受到越来越多的关注。本文介绍了分析移动通信基站的电磁辐射情况预测模型,结合天线的方向性和增益情况对不同地区不同辐射方向上的电磁辐射情况做出预测并与实测数据进行比较分析。     

家用电器工频电磁辐射水平分析

对电磁波的产生机理以及对人体的危害进行了分析阐述，对人们日常生活中的家用电器电磁辐射水平进行了调查测量，分析了不同家用电器的电磁辐射水平，并有针对性提出了一些科学有效的防护措施。     

电化学氧化法降解马拉硫磷废水的研究

研究了在单独电解作用下及超声辐射．电解联合作用下,降解马拉硫磷农药废水的不同效果,详细探讨了电解时间、酸碱性、电压、电流及加入电解质的量等因素对结果的影响。实验结果表明,马拉硫磷农药废水在电解单独作用下,COD去除率可达到86．86％;在超声辐射-电解联合作用下,COD去除率可达到91．53％。     

电子设备的电磁兼容性设计

电磁兼容性在电子设备中占有重要的地位,电磁干扰直接影响到电子设备能否正常、可靠的工作.为了提高电子设备的工作稳定性,必须解决电子设备在电磁环境中的适应能力,对电子设备进行电磁兼容性设计.     

重庆雾的声雷达回波与大气SO2浓度的对比分析

本文分析了重庆１９８９年１２月３０日雾的声雷达回波特征与浓雾天气的关系，讨论了雾日大气ＳＯ２地面浓度状况。结果表明，声雷达回波与雾的定变有较好的对应；地面污染物浓度与声雷达回波所反应的大气层结状况关系密切，３００－４００米高度上的逆温层维持较长时间是加重当日大气ＳＯ２地面浓度的重要原因。     

Utilization of UV‐A and UV‐C radiation in advanced oxidation processes with the intention of removing color and organic matter from the gross leachate of a stabilized sanitary landfill

The present work investigated color and biochemical oxygen demand (COD) removal from treated landfill leachate via advanced oxidative processes (AOPs) artificially emitted. The AOP H₂O₂/UV, TiO₂/UV, and photolysis were tested in two bench‐scale photoreactors: The first one with UV‐C lamp and the other with UV‐A lamp associated or not with coagulation / flocculation pretreatment. Crude leachate samples with pH ranging from 8 to 3 were used, and time varied in 30, 45, and 60 minutes. Experiments were performed in two stages: step 1 with a 20 mL volume from each sample and step 2 with repetition of the best results from the previous step, adopting the 150 mL volume. In step 1, the AOP applied in the crude leachate sample showed the best results, standing out H₂O₂/UV‐C with 30 minutes and TiO₂/UV‐A with 60 minutes. In step 2, H₂O₂/UV‐C had a 60% color removal and 25% COD reduction, while TiO₂/UV‐A had a 10% color removal and 20% COD reduction. Therefore, the H₂O₂/UV‐C process was the most efficient, because the complex characteristics of the effluent interfered in the TiO₂/UV‐A efficiency, but it is necessary to eliminate the process interferences. The use of artificial radiation is a viable alternative; however, it can be costly, being relevant in the associations between processes with artificial UV and solar UV, as the natural radiation becomes more attractive and allows the process operating costs reduction.     

地震电磁辐射观测技术应用研究

通过对 6个震例的分析研究 ,总结出电磁辐射源来自陆域空间和海域空间的规律 ;震前电磁异常的识别及非震异常的特征与排除 ,并成功地进行了一次临震预报。