大气可降水量卫星遥感反演不确定性对太阳总辐射模拟的影响

辐射传输方程模拟法作为一种较为准确有效的太阳总辐射间接获得方法,其模拟精度受到代入方程的大气参数精度的影响。论文通过将香港2005—2013年卫星遥感反演的大气可降水量产品与地面站数据对比,以68.3%的置信水平分析了卫星遥感反演的大气可降水量的不确定性;并通过收集2005—2013年香港其他影响大气上界太阳辐射到达地表的大气参数,如气溶胶光学厚度、气溶胶单次散射反照率、臭氧含量综合模拟大气环境,确定了大气可降水量的不确定性在夏季和冬季对太阳总辐射模拟（250~2 800 nm）造成的相对误差。研究结果表明,受大气可降水量不确定性影响,使用辐射传输方程法模拟获得的太阳总辐射有1%~3%的相对误差。使用该方法冬季受大气可降水量不确定性影响程度比夏季大。决定相对误差大小的主要因素是波长,大气水汽吸收作用强的波长上,相对误差也大;其次因素是太阳天顶角,太阳天顶角越大,该方法模拟所得太阳总辐射相对误差越大。研究为大气可降水量参数不确定性影响下太阳总辐射模拟的误差评估提供了依据。     

UV-B增强与秸秆施用对土壤-冬小麦系统CO2排放影响

通过大田试验,采用人工增强紫外辐射的方法模拟UV-B增强,应用静态箱-气相色谱法测定土壤-冬小麦系统的CO2排放通量,研究UV-B增强与秸秆施用对土壤-冬小麦系统CO2排放通量的影响.结果表明:UV-B增强与秸秆施用没有改变CO2排放通量的季节性变化规律.UV-B具有抑制效应,显著降低了拔节-孕穗期的CO2排放,降幅达15.48% (P=0.055).秸秆施用对CO2排放具有促进效应,使返青期和拔节 -孕穗期的CO2排放分别增加了59.52% (P=0.005)和13.10% (P=0.092).秸秆施用和UV-B增强处理增加了返青期的CO2排放,增幅为30.95% (P=0.083).对照、UV-B增强、秸秆施用和秸秆施用+UV-B增强4种处理的系统CO2排放与气温都存在极显著的指数关系 (P<0.01),拟合方程的决定系数R2分别为0.56,0.60,0.45和0.51,温度敏感系数Q10值分别为1.83,1.97,1.55和1.70.     

广州地区光化辐射通量与辐照度的特征

应用NCAR TUV辐射模式与地表实际观测分析了理论上广州地区地表可获得的最强光化辐射通量、辐照度及其波谱变化特征与月、日变化特征,计算与观测的差异用于评估气溶胶对紫外辐射通量的作用.结果表明,光化辐射通量与辐照度均具有正弦曲线的日变化特征,但光化辐射通量的正弦波形较辐照度的更为宽广,其辐射强度随太阳天顶角的增加下降幅度也更为缓慢;光化辐射中的总能量可见光谱区约占86%,紫外谱区仅占约14%;理论计算与实际观测表明,不同监测波段范围的紫外辐射表,虽然其标识均为监测UVA或UVB的辐射,但差异明显;广州地区的气溶胶污染显著影响紫外辐射通量.由于紫外辐射通量是影响对流层臭氧生产力的关键因子,有必要更加深入地认识广州地区气溶胶与紫外辐射通量的相互作用.     

Comparison of sensitivity analysis techniques: A case study with the rice model WARM

The considerable complexity often included in biophysical models leads to the need of specifying a large number of parameters and inputs, which are available with various levels of uncertainty. Also, models may behave counter-intuitively, particularly when there are nonlinearities in multiple input-output relationships. Quantitative knowledge of the sensitivity of models to changes in their parameters is hence a prerequisite for operational use of models. This can be achieved using sensitivity analysis (SA) via methods which differ for specific characteristics, including computational resources required to perform the analysis. Running SA on biophysical models across several contexts requires flexible and computationally efficient SA approaches, which must be able to account also for possible interactions among parameters. A number of SA experiments were performed on a crop model for the simulation of rice growth (Water Accounting Rice Model, WARM) in Northern Italy. SAs were carried out using the Morris method, three regression-based methods (Latin hypercube sampling, random and Quasi-Random, LpTau), and two methods based on variance decomposition: Extended Fourier Amplitude Sensitivity Test (E-FAST) and Sobol’, with the latter adopted as benchmark. Aboveground biomass at physiological maturity was selected as reference output to facilitate the comparison of alternative SA methods. Rankings of crop parameters (from the most to the least relevant) were generated according to sensitivity experiments using different SA methods and alternate parameterizations for each method, and calculating the top-down coefficient of concordance (TDCC) as measure of agreement between rankings. With few exceptions, significant TDCC values were obtained both for different parameterizations within each method and for the comparison of each method to the Sobol’ one. The substantial stability observed in the rankings seem to indicate that, for a crop model of average complexity such as WARM, resource intensive SA methods could not be needed to identify most relevant parameters. In fact, the simplest among the SA methods used (i.e., Morris method) produced results comparable to those obtained by methods more computationally expensive.     

Comparative Assessment of Power Absorption in Heads of Adults and Children Exposed to the Radiation of Cellular Phones at 1800 MHz

Summary The aim of this work is to examine the differences in power absorption in the brain of adults and children exposed to the radiation of mobile phone terminals at 1710 MHz. To this end, simulations using the Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) method have been carried out to study the interaction between heterogeneous anatomically correct models of the human head and a linear or helical monopole mounted on the top of a metal box representing a realistic mobile communication terminal. The study includes computations of specific absorption rates (SARs) inside the human head and the total power absorbed by the head. Emphasis is placed on the comparative assessment of power absorption characteristics in heads of adults and children as well as on the effect of various parameters such as the age-related changes in dielectric properties and the usage distance between the user's head and the mobile terminal.     

226Ra in Tap and Mineral Water and Related Health Risk in the Republic of Croatia

The presence of 226Ra in drinking water may sometimes make important contribution to natural background radiation exposures. The paper describes the study of 226Ra content in drinking water of Croatia: tap water from the public supply system of several major towns and bottled mineral water from two selected mineral water springs. 226Ra was determined by alpha-spectrometric measurement after radiochemical separation. The radiation doses originating from drinking tap water and bottled mineral water were estimated. The annual dose from consumption of bottled mineral water was compared to that received from ingestion of public system tap water. The study showed that 226Ra content for investigated categories of waters is below the levels at which any unacceptable dose due to ingestion would arise.     

电化学氧化法降解马拉硫磷废水的研究

研究了在单独电解作用下及超声辐射．电解联合作用下，降解马拉硫磷农药废水的不同效果，详细探讨了电解时间、酸碱性、电压、电流及加入电解质的量等因素对结果的影响。实验结果表明，马拉硫磷农药废水在电解单独作用下，COD去除率可达到86．86％；在超声辐射-电解联合作用下，COD去除率可达到91．53％。     

BLEVE火球热辐射及其影响评价模型介绍

高压液化易燃、易爆化学品储罐易发生BLEVE,引起热辐射,会造成周围人员伤亡和设备损坏.介绍了BLEVE火球热辐射及其影响模型,通过该模型可以计算BLEVE火球的尺寸、持续时间、升空高度、热辐射通量及预测暴露在BLEVE火球热辐射通量下人的致死概率.     

Safe alternative cancer therapy using electromagnetic fields

This article highlights recent research on the beneficial use of selected low frequency electromagnetic fields (EMF) as a safe alternative therapy for treatment of cancer and other health problems. It is shown that EMF therapy provides a safe alternative and adjunct modality for the treatment of cancer and other health problems, and therefore, research in this field deserves more support. The paper also discusses some reports and hypothesis of potential risk of human exposure to low frequency EMF, mainly to the power line frequency of 60 Hz.     

火球热辐射后果计算动态模型的应用

为了精确地评估火球的热辐射后果,需要深入研究火球热负荷对影响区域暴露人员所造成的伤害.详细介绍了具有时间属性的火球热辐射动态模型,以实例描绘了火球直径、高度以及目标接受到的热通量等火球参数的动态变化规律.结果表明:具有时间属性的火球热辐射动态模型计算出的热辐射值小于静态模型计算的值,动态模型有可能更准确地描述火球参数的实际动态变化,进而合理地确定火球热辐射的人员伤亡区域,并为过热可燃液体容器的安全设计及风险分析提供一种新的后果评估技术及方法.