Metallurgical and mechanical characterization of electron beam welded super-duplex stainless steel UNS 32750

This paper addresses the weldability of 6 mm thick plates of super-duplex stainless steel by electron beam welding (EBW) process. Microstructure investigations conducted using optical and SE microscopy showed the presence of large ferrite grains with intra- and inter-granular austenite. Ferrite content studies on the weld zone estimated that there is no significant element partitioning between austenite and ferrite phases. Hardness studies portrayed that the weld hardness is found to be greater than the parent metal which is acquainted due to the solid solution strengthening effect. Tensile results corroborated that the joints obtained by EB welding process have better strength than the base metal. A detailed structure–property relationships has also been carried out through point and line mapping EDAX analysis across the weldment to substantiate the discussions.     

Simultaneous Feammox and anammox process facilitated by activated carbon as an electron shuttle for autotrophic biological nitrogen removal

• The autotrophic nitrogen removal combining Feammox and Anammox was achieved. • Activated carbon can be used as an electron shuttle to enhance Feammox activity. • Fe(III) was reduced to Fe(II) and the secondary Fe(II) mineral (FeOOH) was obtained. • The iron-reducing bacteria and Anammox consortium was enriched simultaneously. Ferric iron reduction coupled with anaerobic ammonium oxidation (Feammox) is a novel ferric-dependent autotrophic process for biological nitrogen removal (BNR) that has attracted increasing attention due to its low organic carbon requirement. However, extracellular electron transfer limits the nitrogen transformation rate. In this study, activated carbon (AC) was used as an electron shuttle and added into an integrated autotrophic BNR system consisting of Feammox and anammox processes. The nitrogen removal performance, nitrogen transformation pathways and microbial communities were investigated during 194 days of operation. During the stable operational period (days 126–194), the total nitrogen (TN) removal efficiency reached 82.9%±6.8% with a nitrogen removal rate of 0.46±0.04 kg-TN/m³/d. The contributions of the Feammox, anammox and heterotrophic denitrification pathways to TN loss accounted for 7.5%, 89.5% and 3.0%, respectively. Batch experiments showed that AC was more effective in accelerating the Feammox rate than the anammox rate. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses showed the presence of ferric iron (Fe(III)) and ferrous iron (Fe(II)) in secondary minerals. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns indicated that secondary iron species were formed on the surface of iron-AC carrier (Fe/AC), and Fe(III) was primarily reduced by ammonium in the Feammox process. The phyla Anaerolineaceae (0.542%) and Candidatus Magasanikbacteria (0.147%) might contribute to the Feammox process, and Candidatus Jettenia (2.10%) and Candidatus Brocadia (1.18%) were the dominative anammox phyla in the bioreactor. Overall, the addition of AC provided an effective way to enhance the autotrophic BNR process by integrating Feammox and anammox.     

Quantifying the electron-donating and -accepting capacities of wastewater for evaluating and optimizing biological wastewater treatment processes

Biological processes have been widely used for the treatment of both domestic and industrial wastewaters. In such biological processes, pollutants are converted into pollution-free substances by microorganisms through oxidation-reduction reactions. Thus, how to quantify the internal oxidation-reduction properties wastewaters and seek out targeted countermeasures is essential to understand, operate, and optimize biological wastewater treatment systems. So far, no such approach is available yet. In this work, a novel concept of electron neutralization-based evaluation is proposed to describe the internal oxidation-reduction properties of wastewater. Pollutants in wastewater are defined as electron donor substances (EDSs) or electron acceptor substances (EASs), which could give or accept electrons, respectively. With such an electron neutralization concept, several parameters, i.e., electron residual concentration (R), economy-related index (E and E_r), and economical evaluation index (Y and Y_r), are defined. Then, these parameters are used to evaluate the performance and economic aspects of currently applied wastewater treatment processes and even optimize systems. Three case studies demonstrate that the proposed concept could be effectively used to reduce wastewater treatment costs, assess energy recovery, and evaluate process performance. Therefore, a new, simple, and reliable methodology is established to describe the oxidation-reduction properties of wastewater and assess the biological wastewater treatment processes.     

电子受体对污泥产率的影响

本文通过2个SBR和30次分批实验研究了电子受体（O2、NO3^-）对活性污泥产率系数（真实产率YH和表观产率Yobs）的影响。分批实验采用的基质是多种多样的,所选用的接种污泥是SBR长期培养出来的。实验结果表明,在不同的电子受体（O2、NO3^-）条件下,真实产率YH具有显著的不同,缺氧YH是0.53 mgCOD/mgCOD,而好氧YH是0.68 mgCOD/mgCOD,这是由于不同电子受体需要不同的微生物种群,其细胞产率不同。不过缺、好氧的表观产率Yobs（0.33 g△MLVSS/g△COD和0.35 g△MLVSS/g△COD）的差异并不显著,这是由于好氧污泥的内源呼吸作用更强,有更多的污泥衰减。     

重金属生物吸附研究中蜡状芽孢杆菌菌体微观形貌的原子力显微镜观察与表征

对蜡状芽孢杆菌在重金属生物吸附条件下细胞的界面形态及其变化情况进行了原子力显微镜成像观察与表征 .结果表明 ,在严格实验对照条件下未加入Pb(II)的空白菌体细胞呈杆状 ,单个细胞长约 3 3μm ,横截面分析结果为宽 1 9μm左右 ,高为 0 3～ 0 4 μm ,细胞壁表面比较光滑 ,细胞之间以竹节结构首尾相连排列成长杆状 ;吸附Pb(II)后细胞的体积则发生膨胀 ,单个细胞长约 3 9μm ,横截面分析结果为宽 3 1 μm左右 ,高约为 1 1 5 μm ,细胞壁表面变得比较粗糙 ,细胞之间较容易发生粘结 ,与对照空白菌体相比 ,细胞之间呈长杆状的竹节结构排列则变得很少 .采用截面分析曲线中形貌特征的高宽度比R对细菌细胞在云母基底表面的横向铺展变形作用进行了定量表征 (吸附铅离子后R值由 0 1 6 5变为 0 4 1 6 ) ,同时探讨了细胞在基底表面的横向铺展变形作用可能与细胞表面电荷影响细胞在基底表面的粘附性能密切相关 ,并受溶液pH、离子强度以及金属离子的暴露与吸附等外界因素影响而发生改变 .有关其详细机理 ,还有待在以后的研究工作中作进一步探讨     

Enhanced removal of Cr(VI) by biochar with Fe as electron shuttles

Biochar is extensively used as an effective soil amendment for environmental remediation. In addition to its strong contaminant sorption capability, biochar also plays an important role in chemical transformation of contaminant due to its inherent redox-active moieties. However, the transformation efficiency of inorganic contaminants is generally very limited when the direct adsorption of contaminants on biochar is inefficient. The present study demonstrates the role of Fe ion as an electron shuttle to enhance Cr(VI) reduction by biochars. Batch experiments were conducted to examine the effects of Fe(III) levels, pyrolysis temperature of biochar, initial solution pH, and biochar dosage on the efficiency of Cr(VI) removal. Results showed a significant enhancement in Cr(VI) reduction with an increase in Fe(III) concentration and a decrease of initial pH. Biochar produced at higher pyrolysis temperatures (e.g., 700°C) favored Cr(VI) removal, especially in the presence of Fe(III), while a higher biochar dosage proved unfavorable likely due to the agglomeration or precipitation of biochar. Speciation analysis of Fe and Cr elements on the surface of biochar and in the solution further confirmed the role of Fe ion as an electron shuttle between biochar and Cr(VI). The present findings provide a potential strategy for the advanced treatment of Cr(VI) at low concentrations as well as an insight into the environmental fate of Cr(VI) and other micro-pollutants in soil or aqueous compartments containing Fe and natural or engineered carbonaceous materials.     

Optimization of the ionization conditions for the trace analysis of PCDD/PCDF with ion trap MS/MS

Commercial ion trap mass spectrometer provides easy-to-operate MS/MS analysis for the determination of PCDD/PCDF. The limit of quantification is appropriately low (0.2 pg for 23478-P5CDF) because all the stages are performed in the trap and sample losses associated with the ion transportation are minimized. However, if excessive ions are injected into the trap, its electrical fields are distorted and an overall reduction in performance arises. Ionization condition is an important parameter as it affects the amount of the total ions produced. If the amount of interfering compounds are negligible, such as standard solution or cleaned-up sample, lower ionization condition (e.g. electron energy: 30 eV, emission current (EC): 150 μA) is preferable. On the contrary, in case excessive interfering ions are coexisting with PCDD/PCDF, such as crude extract or semi-cleaned-up sample, the ionization condition should be high (e.g. electron energy: 90 eV, EC: 350 μA) for the reproductive quantification.     

电子束烟气治理技术的应用

简述了电子束烟气治理技术研究结果基础上的工业规模装置的工艺流程，介绍了１０万ｋＷ级发电机组烟气治理示范装置的主要设计参数及其可行性方案概述。