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排序方式: 共有123条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
31.
Ceyla Güngör Hasan Serin Selahattin Serin Kadir Aydın 《International Journal of Green Energy》2015,12(1):98-105
The overall objective of this study was to explore the utility of waste plastics as a potential source of diesel fuel. An experimental study was conducted to evaluate the use of various blends of plastic oil produced from waste polyethylene (WPE) with diesel fuel (D). WPE was degraded thermally and catalytically using sodium aluminum silicate as a catalyst. The oil collected at optimum conditions (414°C–480°C range and 1 h reaction time) was fractionated at different temperatures and fuel properties of the fractions were measured. Plastic oil was blended with diesel fuel at the volumetric ratios of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 100%. Fuel properties of blends are found comparable with those of diesel fuel within the EN 590 Diesel Fuel standard and they can also be used as fuel in compression ignition engines without any modification. Engine performance and exhaust emission studies of 5% WPE-D (WPE5) blend were performed. Experimental results showed that carbon monoxide (CO) emission is decreased by 20.63%, carbon dioxide (CO2) emission is increased by 3.34%, and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emission is increased by 9.17% with WPE-D (WPE5) blend compared to diesel fuel. 相似文献
32.
Wastewater treatment sludge contains valuable nutrients, yet represents a residue problem due to the amount of heavy metals,
which is one of the factors preventing the use of sludge as fertilizer. In Sweden, the government has a declared aim of closing
the ecocycles of nutrients to arable land, while at the same time the existing limit values are among the lowest in the world.
This paper focuses on the opportunities for Swedish wastewater utilities (WWUs) to manage and reduce sources of heavy metals
in order to get sludge approved and recycled.
A case study focusing on sources of the heavy metals Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn and the WWUs ability to influence the source
by means of existing regulations was traced and categorized. A substantial fraction of the heavy metals were shown to be caused
by diffuse emissions, such as the use of goods and products in society. For most sources discussed in the paper, a WWU can
only manage the sources to a limited extent, if at all.
This study shows that the WWUs cannot manage both recycling of nutrients and a decrease in heavy metals ending up in sludge.
Diffuse emissions of heavy metals must be examined in context, not as a separate phenomenon or an issue for a single actor.
The existing environmental legislation does not handle diffuse sources, yet long-term strategies for reducing the emissions
to wastewater treatment must involve the reduction of diffuse emissions. 相似文献
33.
NOx, nitrate and sulphate emissions from a typical European passenger car diesel engine have been measured testing eight different fuels under five steady operating conditions (reproducing modes of the European transient urban/extraurban certification cycle). It is confirmed that nitrogen species compete with sulphur compounds to be adsorbed by diesel particulate matter (DPM) before being emitted into the atmosphere. This competition is found to increase with engine load, and is explained on the basis of the different specific surface and adsorption capacity of soot particles under different operating modes. When a high specific surface is available, as occurs in low load modes, both nitrates and sulphates are adsorbed by soot particles. On the contrary when a small surface is accessible, like in high load modes, sulphates are selectively adsorbed. This is specially important since sulphates are responsible for hydrocarbon retention in DPM due to the scrubbing effect. 相似文献
34.
Thermodynamic analysis of the role of chlorine and sulfur environments during combustion and incineration processes 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Iddi S.N. Mkilaha Hong Yao Ichiro Naruse 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2002,4(2):143-149
In order to control the emission of trace metals from combustion and incineration systems, sorbents and filters are sometimes
used. However, the effectiveness of these methods is greatly affected by the volatility of the metals and the way in which
they speciate during combustion, and afterwards during condensation, and physical or chemical sorption. Although there has
been a lot of research into the mechanisms by which trace metals speciate and subsequently appear in submicron particles,
the details of these mechanisms are not yet thoroughly understood. In this study, a chemical equilibrium approach was used
to qualitatively determine the speciation of lead, cadmium, and chromium in Cl and S environments. The reaction conditions
of sorbents were also tested numerically in order to understand the reaction behavior of metals with sorbents. This article
reports the influence of different concentrations of Cl and SO2 on Pb, Cd, and Cr speciation, as representatives of other trace elements. The partitioning behavior of metals during combustion
was also examined for Cl and S. The results obtained indicate that most metals exist in the vapor phase, even at low temperatures,
when chlorine is present. However, the addition of SO2 enhances the formation of the condensed phase, except at extremely high temperatures. This observation was not significant
for Cd or Cr. The higher the concentration of Cl the higher the retention of trace metals in the vapor phase, even at low
temperatures. Results from comparisons of the reactivities of mixed metals with Cl indicate that the presence of Fe limits
the reactivity of most trace metals with Cl except at higher concentrations. In the presence of Fe, alkali metals are the
first to react with Cl. If Fe is not present, most trace metals react with Cl, and the activity increases with higher concentrations.
On the other hand, the partitioning characteristics of S show that its presence generally means that metals remain in the
condensed phase. Sulfur is more reactive with alkali metals than with other trace metals.
Received: June 6, 2001 / Accepted: April 30, 2002 相似文献
35.
William J. Doucette Todd A. Wetzel Erik Dettenmaier Kyle Gorder 《Environmental Forensics》2018,19(3):185-190
Consumer products can emit chlorinated volatile organic compounds (CVOCs) that complicate vapor intrusion (VI) assessments. Assessment protocols acknowledge the need to remove these products during VI investigations, but they can be problematic to identify and locate. Predicting if the products cause detectable air concentrations is also difficult since emission rate information is limited and can vary with product use and age. In this study, the emission rates of 1,2-dichloroethane, trichloroethene, tetrachloroethene, and carbon tetrachloride from four consumer products identified as indoor sources during VI field investigations were measured under laboratory conditions using a flow through system. Emissions of PCE from an adhesive container tube ranged from 1.33 ± 1.13 μg/min (unopened) to 23.9 ± 2.93 μg/min (previously opened). The laboratory-measured emission rates were used to estimate indoor air concentrations, which were then compared to concentrations measured after the products placed were into an actual residence. The estimated and measured indoor air concentrations were generally comparable, showing that emission rate information can be used to determine the relative impact of internal CVOC sources. 相似文献
36.
This paper presents the impact of road user charging (RUC) on vehicle emissions through application of traffic assignment
and pollutant emission models. It presents results of an analysis of five RUC schemes on vehicle emissions in Leeds, UK for
2005. The schemes were: a £3 inner ring road cordoncharge; a double cordon with a £2 inner ring road and a £1 outer ring road
charge; and distance charges of 2, 10 and 20 p/km levied for travel within the outer cordon. Schemes were compared to a no
charge option and results presented here. Emissions are significantly reduced within the inner cordon, whilst beyond the cordon,
localised increases and decreases occur. The double cordon exhibits a similar but less marked pattern. Distance charging reduces
city-wide emissions by 10% under a 2 p/km charge, 42–49% under a 10 p/km charge and 52–59% under a 20 p/km charge. The higher
distance charges reduce emissions within the charge zone, and are also associated with elevated emissions outside the zone,
but to a lesser extent than that observed for cordon charging. 相似文献
37.
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39.
Pablo del Río Javier Carrillo-Hermosilla Totti Könnölä Carlos García Suárez 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2008,13(8):863-885
This paper empirically shows how the uncertainty associated to the absence of a mitigation regime which follows the United
Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Kyoto Protocol (UN FCCC Kyoto Protocol) is affecting investments in abatement
activities in the EU electricity sector and, thus, future emissions levels. Based on a survey of EU electric utilities, it
identifies the most likely post-Kyoto scenarios considered by them and how they are coping with such uncertainty in their
investment decisions. It is found that firms react differently to such uncertainty and adopt different strategies to cope
with it, diversifying their emissions control activities. Although most companies foresee post-Kyoto compliance regimes with
emissions trading systems, they differ in their perceptions of the form that a post-Kyoto regime could take and are, thus,
positioning differently to face such regime. The particular features of each company and the country where they operate affect
their perception of the uncertainties, their position regarding a possible post-Kyoto regime and their inclination to carry
out mitigation activities. Complying with Kyoto (and, eventually, post-Kyoto) targets significantly influences the investment
decisions of European electricity companies. Uncertainty about a post-Kyoto regime may already be affecting investments in
mitigation activities in the electricity sector. Therefore, significant progress has to be made in the definition of a post-Kyoto
regime. It is urgent to define and agree internationally the emissions reduction objectives and the mitigation instruments
that will be accepted for compliance, ensuring continuity of the international emissions trading system foreseen in the Kyoto
Protocol.
相似文献
Pablo del RíoEmail: |
40.
In this paper, we present the integrated assessment model dimrise (dynamic integrated model of regular climate change impacts and singular events). This model is designed to investigate the stability of the Atlantic thermohaline circulation (THC) and to derive related
climate policy recommendations. It is written in GAMS and comprises a dynamic model of the THC coupled to a climate model
and a global economy model for assessing the monetary cost of climate protection. The THC model is a dynamic four-box interhemispheric
extension of the classic Stommel model calibrated against results obtained using the CLIMBER-2 climate model. The reduced-form
climate model used to drive the THC model is the ICLIPS multi-gas climate model, which is a computationally efficient, globally
aggregated model able to mimic the response of more sophisticated carbon cycle and atmosphere-ocean general circulation models.
The THC and climate modules are coupled to a globally aggregated Ramsey-type optimal growth model of the world economy derived
from the Nordhaus DICE model. Together, these components create a novel dynamic fully coupled computationally efficient integrated
assessment model. Illustrative applications demonstrate that dimrise is able to derive (constrained) economically optimal emissions paths that comply with prescribed bounds on admissible THC
weakening imposed in order to avoid an irrevocable breakdown. In addition, emissions corridors are presented which contain
all possible emissions paths that do not endanger the stability of the THC and that simultaneously obey restrictions on welfare
loss arising from mitigation efforts. The presented results show that, under worst-case conditions, the stability of the THC
may be threatened within two decades if global emissions would not deviate from the business-as-usual trajectory.
相似文献
K. ZickfeldEmail: |