我国空气中挥发性有机物标准体系建设的对策和建议

介绍了挥发性有机物（VOCs）的界定与危害,以及美国、欧盟、日本 VOCs的排放标准、控制经验、效果、气体标准样品研究现状等。分析了我国 VOCs的污染、标准体系建设、标准样品等研究现状及存在的问题,提出我国应建立 VOCs筛选优控名单、制定并完善行业排放标准和监测方法体系,以及开展 VOCs气体标准样品研究等相关对策和建议。     

南京燃煤电厂烟气中汞的排放调查

对南京市8家国控污染源13台（套）燃煤锅炉进行监测,结果表明,燃煤电厂烟气中汞主要以气相部分汞形态存在,其排放值均达标,为0．16～15．9μg／m3,均远低于标准限值;煤质中汞含量与电厂烟气中汞浓度变化曲线的趋势是大致相似,相关系数为0．91;燃煤电厂机组容量、发电负荷越大,汞平均排放因子呈变小趋势;静电除尘器、湿法脱硫和选择性催化还原法的净化配置对汞的脱除效率最高,达到95．4％。     

基于MOVES的西安市出租车污染物排放分析

利用MOVES模型对2012年西安市出租车油改气后污染物排放因子进行模拟,得出污染物CO、NOx、PM2.5、PM10、HC的排放因子分别为3.488 1 g/km、0.370 0 g/km、0.004 7 g/km、0.005 1 g/km、0.095 2 g/km,计算得到5种污染物的年排放总量分别为4 830.76 t、512.42 t、6.51 t、7.06 t、131.85 t。将得到的数据与2010年相关数据比对,说明出租车油改气后污染物排放量在机动车总排放量中所占比例有所下降。     

The optimal pricing of pollution when enforcement is costly

We consider the pricing of a uniformly mixed pollutant with a model of optimal, possibly firm-specific, emissions taxes and their enforcement under incomplete information about firms’ abatement costs, enforcement costs, and pollution damage. We argue that optimality requires an enforcement strategy that induces full compliance by every firm, except possibly when a regulator can base the probabilities of detecting individual violations on observable correlates of violators’ actual emissions. Moreover, optimality requires discriminatory taxes, except when a regulator is unable to use observable firm-level characteristics to gain some information about the variation in firms’ abatement costs or monitoring costs.     

The sensitivity of modeled ozone to the temporal distribution of point, area, and mobile source emissions in the eastern United States

Ozone remains one of the most recalcitrant air pollution problems in the US. Hourly emissions fields used in air quality models (AQMs) generally show less temporal variability than corresponding measurements from continuous emissions monitors (CEM) and field campaigns would imply. If emissions control scenarios to reduce emissions at peak ozone forming hours are to be assessed with AQMs, the effect of emissions' daily variability on modeled ozone must be understood. We analyzed the effects of altering all anthropogenic emissions' temporal distributions by source group on 2002 summer-long simulations of ozone using the Community Multiscale Air Quality Model (CMAQ) v4.5 and the Carbon Bond IV (CBIV) chemical mechanism with 12 km resolution. We find that when mobile source emissions were made constant over the course of a day, 8-h maximum ozone predictions changed by ±7 parts per billion by volume (ppbv) in many urban areas on days when ozone concentrations greater than 80 ppbv were simulated in the base case. Increasing the temporal variation of point sources resulted in ozone changes of +6 and −6 ppbv, but only for small areas near sources. Changing the daily cycle of mobile source emissions produces substantial changes in simulated ozone, especially in urban areas at night; results suggest that shifting the emissions of NO_x from day to night, for example in electric powered vehicles recharged at night, could have beneficial impacts on air quality.     

碳减排问题刍议

全球气候变化对人类的生存和发展造成的负面影响已是一个不争的事实。将减少碳排放量融入可持续发展已成为全世界的共识。文章主要从宏观的角度,通过追溯国际碳减排任务的确定、减排发展机制产生的历史背景和我国碳排放现状及趋势分析,论述了国际碳减排方式对我国的机遇和挑战。     

Influence of ship emissions on NOx, SO2, O3 and PM concentrations in a North-Sea harbor in France

The influence of in-port ship emissions on gases and PM_(10) concentrations has been estimated in the port city of Calais, northern France, one of the busiest harbor in Europe,with numerous rotations of ferries or roll-on/roll-off cargo in average per day. NO_x, SO_2, O_3 and PM_(10) concentrations were continuously measured over a three-month period, as well as real-time particle size distribution. A rural site located at Cape Gris-Nez, 20km from Calais, was considered to deduce intrinsic contribution of ship emissions at the harbor city.The average concentrations of the studied species as well as the pattern of the conditional bivariate probability function at the two sites evidenced that in-port shipping, especially during the maneuvering operations, has an important influence on the NO_xand SO_2 concentrations. The impact of shipping in the harbor of Calais on average concentrations was estimated to 51% for SO_2, 35% for NO, 15% for NO_2 and 2% for PM_(10) in the studied period.Concentration peaks of SO_2 and NO_x associated with an O_3 depletion appeared synchronized with departures and arrivals of ferries. For winds blowing from the harbor,when compared to the background level, the number of particles appeared 10 times higher,with the highest differences in the 30–67nm and the 109–167 nm size ranges. The average impact of in-port ships on PM310 concentrations was estimated to + 28.9 μg/mand concerned mainly the PM1 size fraction(40%). Punctually, PM_(10) can potentially reach a concentration value close to 100 μg/m~3.     

我国排污权交易制度的相关问题探析

随着经济的快速发展,工业生产中排放的废弃物越来越多,由此造成的环境压力也越来越大,随着可持续发展概念的不断提出,排污权交易制度也被逐渐确定下来,该制度在我国的施行不但具有可行性,更加具有必要性。本文对我国当前排污权制度实施的不足之处进行了详细分析,并提出了我国排污权制度未来的完善路径。     

Efficiency and environmental impacts of electricity restructuring on coal-fired power plants

We investigate the efficiency and environmental impacts of electricity market restructuring by examining changes in fuel efficiency, cost of coal purchases, and utilization among coal-fired power plants based on a panel data set from 1991 to 2005. Our study focuses exclusively on coal-fired power plants and uses panel data covering several years after implementation of restructuring. The estimation compares how investor-owned (IOs) plants in states with restructuring changed their behavior relative to IOs in states without. Our analysis finds that restructuring led to: (1) a 1.4 percent improvement in fuel efficiency, (2) an 8 percent decrease in unit cost of heat input, and (3) a lower capacity factor even after adjusting for cross-plant generation re-allocation due to cost reductions. The estimates imply that restructuring has led to nearly 15 percent savings in operating expenses and up to 7.5 percent emissions reduction among these plants.     

Dispersion modeling approach for quantification of methane emission rates from natural gas fugitive leaks detected by infrared imaging technique

Recently, infrared optical imaging has been applied in the oil and gas industry as a method to detect potential leaks in pipelines, components and equipment. The EPA suggested that this impending technique is considered as a smart gas LDAR (leak detection, monitoring and repair) for its rapid recognition of leaks, accuracy and robustness. In addition, compared to the conventional method using Total Vapor Analyzer (TVA) or gas sniffer, it has several other advantages, such as the ability to perform real-time scanning and remote sensing, ability to provide area measurement instead of point measurement, and provide an image of the gas which is not visible to naked eye. However, there is still some limitation in the application of optical imaging techniques; it does not give any measurement of gas emissions rates or concentrations of the leaking gas. Infrared cameras can recognize a target gas and distinguish the gas from its surrounding up to a certain concentration, namely the minimum detectable concentration. The value of the minimum detectable concentration depends on the camera design, environmental conditions and surface characteristics when the measurement is taken. This paper proposed a methodology to predict gas emissions rates from the size of the dispersed gas plume or cloud to the minimum detectable concentration. The gas emissions rate is predicted from the downwind distance and the height of the cloud at the minimum detectable concentration for different meteorological conditions. Gas release and dispersion from leaks in natural gas pipeline systems is simulated, and the results are presented.