排污权交易应用于农业面源污染控制研究

当前农业面源污染已经成为我国水环境污染的主要根源,文中通过对农业非点源污染现状的调查和对治理污染的手段和措施的分析,结合排污权交易的优势和特点,探讨排污权交易体系引入农业非点源污染控制系统的可行性,相比较于大型工业点源,农业面源污染减排成本较低的状况为排污权交易提供了有利条件。在分析面源污染具有涉及个体多、发生不确定性强、减排结果监测困难等特征的基础上,提出了工业点源与农业面源排污权交易的总体框架。同时针对农业面源排污权交易中可能存在的一些问题进行了初步探讨,提出解决思路,期待着为今后相关研究抛砖引玉。     

湖北省实施排污权交易的障碍及对策分析

湖北省排污权市场的交易频率与交易规模都亟待提高。本文选择全国首家排污权交易中心一嘉兴市排污权储备交易中心作为比较对象,分别从排污权的初始分配、交易制度设计和激励机制等三个方面对两地的具体做法进行了详细的分析比较,最后得出：湖北省在实施排污交易的过程中,初始排污权的分配难以体现公平与效率;集中竞价的交易方式并非当前的最优选择;重平台、忽激励的交易制度设计埋下了市场交易冷清的隐患。最后,提出了相应的改进建议。     

总量控制与排污权交易

深入剖析了总量控制的含义和特点,分析了我国总量控制与排污权交易的关系,通过对比美国的排污权交易政策,讨论了实施总量控制和排污权交易的步骤和意义。     

我国排污权交易落实的现实要求及有效性分析

从排污权基本概念出发，在分析我国进行排污权交易必要性的基础上，提出进行交易还存在的问题，并给出相应的建议。     

中国碳排放权交易促进低碳技术创新机制的研究

碳排放权交易已成为我国实施以市场为基础的重要环境规制之一,但此交易市场建设能否诱发我国低碳技术创新的有关研究仍然不足。以我国七个碳排放权交易试点为研究对象,采用合成控制法进行准自然实验,选取2004—2016年全国282个城市的面板数据,评估碳排放权交易试点政策对低碳技术创新的诱发效果,并使用排列检验法进行有效性检验;进而,定量分析碳排放权交易试点正式运行后对低碳技术创新的影响因素,探索七个试点效果差异的成因。研究发现:①碳排放权交易试点政策整体上诱发了试点地区的低碳技术创新活动。②各试点的政策效果存在一定差异,除重庆外的六个试点对政策响应较为迅速,其中北京、上海的诱发效果最显著,天津、广东、深圳和湖北次之,而重庆试点未能对政策作出充分的响应。③碳排放权交易对低碳技术创新作用中的政策"信号-预期"机制在我国首次得到验证,该机制在除重庆外的试点地区都得到了较好的构建。④碳排放权交易市场建设与区域产业结构升级产生了良好的协同作用,促进低碳技术创新,但其未能与外商直接投资形成相同作用;除重庆外,碳排放权交易这一市场型环境规制与控制型环境规制也呈现出协同作用。据此,应积极推进全国性碳排放权交易市场建设,以发挥其对低碳技术创新的诱发作用;但在统一市场建设过程中应重视地区差异,分步骤稳步推进;还应注重加强政府政策信号管理,引导企业开展低碳技术创新活动。     

Emissions trading,equity, and sustainability: the case for allocating entitlements to “individuals-in-community”

Given the likelihood that a post-Kyoto climate change agreement will include provisions for trading greenhouse gas (GHG) emission rights (carbon credits), it is timely and important to look more closely into the merits (or otherwise) of emissions trading systems (ETS), in particular with regard to the issue of the allocation and distribution of entitlements. Thus far, ETSs and other tradable permit systems have allocated entitlements to those historically responsible for emissions or the exploitation of resources (the “grandfathering” principle). There are, however, strong reasons for challenging this practice, and for advocating the allocation of entitlements to all people, in line with the per capita distribution principle. This article argues that GHG emission rights, if they are to be granted, should be distributed on a globally determined equal per capita basis, but collectively managed by community bodies (Community Carbon Trusts) on an “individuals-in-community” basis, instead of being granted or sold by governments to (big) emitters. The approach advocated here is not only ethically more justified, but also strengthens the capacity of communities to deal with climate change and to advance sustainability. It offers an example of how a significant environmental challenge can be met in a more positive way than by the prevailing approaches based on narrow, mainly economic, considerations.     

无锡市碳排放的因素分解模型及实证分析

在计算无锡市2000~2011年二氧化碳排放量的基础上,采用对数平均权重Divisia分解法,建立无锡市人均碳排放的因素分解模型,定量分析能源结构、能源效率、经济发展情况等因素对无锡市人均碳排放的影响。结果显示经济发展对拉动无锡人均碳排放的贡献率呈指数增长趋势,相比之下,能源效率及能源结构对碳排放的抑制作用并不明显。据此提出开发可再生能源,转变能源消费结构,发展清洁煤技术,提高能源利用率等对策。     

济南市排污权交易体系设计研究

济南市作为山东省经济文化中心,多年来受传统工业影响,生态环境与经济发展的矛盾日益突出.构建排污权交易体系,调配总量控制下有限的排污指标为发展留出余量,已成创新环保机制、促进生态发展的迫切需求.通过梳理济南市排污交易现状,分析排污权交易实施的必要性,根据国家政策要求及试点城市经验,设计了在总量控制下由政府主导和市场调控相结合的排污权交易体系,并探讨了排污权交易实施后的经济效益及面临问题.     

An empirical study of estimating vehicle emissions under cordon and distance based road user charging in Leeds, UK

This paper presents the impact of road user charging (RUC) on vehicle emissions through application of traffic assignment and pollutant emission models. It presents results of an analysis of five RUC schemes on vehicle emissions in Leeds, UK for 2005. The schemes were: a ￡3 inner ring road cordoncharge; a double cordon with a ￡2 inner ring road and a ￡1 outer ring road charge; and distance charges of 2, 10 and 20 p/km levied for travel within the outer cordon. Schemes were compared to a no charge option and results presented here. Emissions are significantly reduced within the inner cordon, whilst beyond the cordon, localised increases and decreases occur. The double cordon exhibits a similar but less marked pattern. Distance charging reduces city-wide emissions by 10% under a 2 p/km charge, 42–49% under a 10 p/km charge and 52–59% under a 20 p/km charge. The higher distance charges reduce emissions within the charge zone, and are also associated with elevated emissions outside the zone, but to a lesser extent than that observed for cordon charging.     

Carbon leakage: Grandfathering as an incentive device to avert firm relocation

Emission allowances are sometimes distributed for free in an early phase of a cap-and-trade scheme to reduce adverse effects on the profitability of firms. This paper investigates whether grandfathering can also be used to avert the relocation of firms to countries with lower carbon prices. We show that under certain conditions, relocation can be averted in the long run, even if the grandfathering scheme is phased out over time and immediate relocation is profitable in its absence. This requires that the permit price triggers sufficient investments into low-carbon technologies or abatement capital that create a lock-in effect which makes relocation unprofitable.