石家庄市一次大气重污染过程的边界层特征和成因分析

针对石家庄市2015年12月5—14日出现的重污染过程,利用石家庄市逐日地基微波辐射计、风廓线雷达、地面气象观测资料以及同期的污染物观测资料,分析了重污染过程期间大气边界层温度、湿度、风变化特征及对PM_(2.5)的影响,采用Hysplit后向气团轨迹模式对污染来源进行分析。此次重污染以局地排放为主要形成源,期间冷空气势力弱,地面日平均风速均在1.5 m/s以下,日平均相对湿度均在70%以上,风速小、湿度大,稳定的大气环流形势为重污染提供了持续稳定的大气环境背景。逆温形成及快速增厚导致重污染开始,逆温层平均厚度为683 m,逆温层厚、强、不易消散,导致重污染持续时间长、污染重。近地面小风层厚(平均700 m左右),通风能力弱,导致污染物难以稀释扩散。同时近地层湿度大、厚度厚,使得PM_(2.5)更容易形成和积累,对重污染加重起到了促进作用。     

Environmental policy and human capital inequality: A matter of life and death

This paper analyzes the economic implications of an environmental policy when we account for the life expectancy of heterogeneous agents. In a framework in which everyone suffers from pollution but health status also depends on individual human capital, we find that the economy may be stuck in a trap in which inequality rises steadily, especially when the initial pollution intensity of production is too high. We emphasize that such inequality is in the long run costly for the economy in terms of health and growth. Therefore, we study whether a tax on pollution associated with an investment in pollution abatement can be used to address this situation. We show that a stricter environmental policy may allow the economy to escape from the inequality trap while enhancing the long-term growth rate when the initial inequality in human capital is not too large.     

WATER QUALITY STRATIFICATION IN SHALLOW WASTEWATER STABILIZATION PONDS1

ABSTRACT: The physical limnology of three modern wastewater stabilization ponds serving a small community in Minnesota was investigated over a 1-year period (July 1989 - October 1990). Water temperatures and associated meteorological parameters were recorded continuously; underwater light, dissolved oxygen, pH, and Secchi depth were measured intermittently (about weekly). Measurements of nutrients and planktonic species were made by other investigators. Water quality stratification dynamics were studied by analyzing variations of water temperature, dissolved oxygen, and pH distributions with time and over depth. Intermittent stratification and mixing of the shallow waste stabilization ponds (1–2 m deep) were documented and related to weather. The strong response of the ponds to seasonal and daily weather variations was observed. Three types of pond stratification conditions have been identified: (1) completely mixed during consecutive day and night, (2) stratified during the day and well-mixed during the night, and (3) continuously stratified during day and night. A diurnal cycle of stratification dynamics was first noticed in late April and persisted through summer and into fall. Differences in light attenuation and hence temperature stratification and DO distribution between pond 1 (primary), pond 2 (second primary) and pond 3 (secondary) in the wastewater treatment system were documented and related to different waste loading conditions. Temperature stratification affects chemical, microbial, and planktonic processes in the ponds. Results presented in this paper can be used to provide guidance for water quality sampling in monitoring of pond performance. Information on true mixing conditions is also needed to gain better understanding of important factors affecting pond operation, and for process simulations and reactor modeling of waste stabilization ponds.     

FIELD MEASUREMENT OF FLOW VELOCITIES,SUSPENDED SOLIDS CONCENTRATIONS,AND TEMPERATURES IN LAKE OKEECHOBEE1

ABSTRACT: This paper presents a field investigation of collecting hydrodynamic and sediment data in Lake Okeechobee with analyses examining mechanisms affecting sediment resuspension in the lake. Lake Okeechobee is a large subtropical lake located in south central Florida. Three‐dimensional flow velocities, suspended solids concentrations (SSC), and temperatures at four locations were measured from January 18 to March 5, 2000. Analyses of these data indicate that wind is the dominant factor in driving flow velocities and therefore transporting suspended solids. Wind direction also affects the SSC, especially in the north central and west littoral areas of the lake. The surface and bottom velocity components frequently flow in opposite directions, forming a stratification of the water column and preventing suspended solids from settling out. This retention of SSC in the water column may have a strong impact on the water quality of Lake Okeechobee. This study provides valuable storm event data and mechanism analyses, which will improve our understanding of the transport of suspended solids, thermal exchanges, and flow patterns within Lake Okeechobee.     

CHANGES IN STRATIFICATION IN ONONDAGA LAJKE,NEW YORK1

ABSTRACT: The calibration of a mixed-layer stratification model to the complex stratification region of Onondaga Lake is documented. The short- and long-term impacts of the closure of an adjoining alkali plant on the stratification regime of Onondaga Lake are evaluated with this model from the perspective of natural variations associated with meteorological variability. Chemical stratification prevailed in the lake during the operation of the facility as a result of its discharge of ionic waste. A predicted likely short-term impact of the closure, that was subsequently observed, was the failure of the lake to turn over in the spring immediately following the closure. Spring turnover did not occur regularly during the operation of the facility; but turnover can be expected to occur regularly in the future. Other projected changes in average stratification conditions include: 1) a 45% shorter period of stratification, 2) a 3m deeper upper mixed layer, and 3) a 30% lower maximum density gradient. Substantial variability in the stratification is predicted as a result of meteorological variability, indicating that comparison of characteristics for individual years during and after the operation of the facility could be misleading. The changes in the stratification regime are expected to affect water quality. In particular, certain features of the oxygen resources of the hypolimnioa are expected to improve (e.g., delayed onset of anoxia).     

几种工业废水可生化性判定指标的验证与评价

测定了几种工业废水的可生化性指标BOD5/COD比值和相对耗氧速率,根据模拟生物氧化塘的动态运行试验结果,提出以耗氧速率(R％)作为可生化性的判定指标,它比BOD5/COD比值测定快速,方法简便,更接近实际,并得出两个指标与生物塘COD去除率之间相关性的线性回归方程,为选择废水生物塘处理方案、预估其对COD的去除效率提供了理论依据。      

侧部点式排烟模式下烟气分层特性研究

引入烟气掺混影响长度的概念,针对侧部点式排烟模式下不同火灾热释放速率、排烟流量等变化条件,对烟气层厚度、烟气层温度及水平流动速度随烟气水平蔓延的变化情况进行了数值模拟研究。结果表明:烟气掺混影响长度与排烟流量成正比例增长关系;排烟流量较小时,烟气存在明显分层,随着排烟流量的增大,烟气层与冷空气层剧烈掺混,烟气层变得紊乱,看不到明显的分层现象;同一纵向条件下排烟口附近上层烟气层的流速值随排烟流量增加呈现先增大后减小的趋势,不同纵向条件下排烟口外侧烟层流速较低,距离排烟口越远时,侧向排烟对烟气蔓延的抑制作用越弱;排烟流量对于烟气层稳定性的抑制作用主要集中在排烟口处及排烟口与隧道端部区段。     

三峡库区支流回水区水体分层与藻类生长

三峡水库自2003年蓄水以来,库区支流形成了长短不一的回水河段,缓慢的水流和蓄积的营养盐导致回水河段由库区蓄水之初在短时间内出现水华,逐步发展到一年内水华可维持数月。为了研究回水区水环境与水华发生的关系,从2013年4月—12月,对库区北岸最大支流澎溪河的长年回水区——高阳平湖进行了定点监测。监测结果显示,季节性变化及三峡库区特殊的调度方式,导致高阳平湖水体在春、夏和秋季有明显分层。春季水华期间藻类群落结构单一,只出现4门9属,以蓝藻门的微囊藻(Microcystis)、绿藻门的实球藻(Pandorina)和空球藻(Eudorina)为主,秋季藻类结构组成增至7门52属,优势属逐渐被硅藻门的小环藻(Cyclotella)和针杆藻(Synedra)取代,水体各层藻类细胞密度差异消失。研究结果说明高阳平湖水体分层状况影响藻类生长和分布。     

活性污泥胞外聚合物(EPS)的分层组分及其理化性质的变化特征研究

针对活性污泥的胞外聚合物(EPS),采用阳离子交换树脂(CER)法和离心/超声波法对总EPS和分层EPS(由外至内依次为slime,LB-EPS,TB-EPS)分别进行提取,测定EPS中多糖(PS)、蛋白质(PN)和DNA的含量,并对各EPS溶液的理化特性随溶液条件的变化特征进行了探讨.结果表明,EPS的化学组分(PS、PN和DNA)在TB-EPS层中含量最高,其亲水性组分的含量高于疏水性组分,但PN的疏水比高于PS.各层EPS中PS/PN的值对其Zeta电位和等电点有重要的影响.其中,PS/PN越高,各层EPS的Zeta电位越小,分层EPS的等电点越高.各种EPS溶液pH的增加导致其Zeta电位基本呈下降趋势,对应的等电点分别为pH总EPS=2.9、pHslime=2.2、pHLB-EPS=2.3、pHTB-EPS=1.3.离子强度的增加可以导致EPS溶液的电导率呈直线上升,对应的Zeta电位却迅速增加然后趋于稳定,但并未出现电位逆转现象.此外,升高温度(<40℃)可以降低各种EPS溶液的表观黏度,并在40～60℃之间时逐渐趋于稳定.     

季节性缺氧水库铁、锰垂直分布规律及优化分层取水研究

经多年对阿哈水库Ｆｅ，Ｍｎ污染的研究表明，Ｆｅ，Ｍｎ分布随着季节为化、水库水温分层而变化，呈现明显的垂直分布规律，高浓度Ｆｅ、Ｍｎ主要出现在水温分层期水库中、下层、与库底缺氧、ＰＨ下降，沉积物中的Ｆｅ、Ｍｎ向上覆水释放造成的二次污染等密切相关，为自来水厂优化分层取水提供了依据。