银川市冬季两次典型持续大气污染过程对比分析

为了探究边界层气象要素时空分布及其变化对银川市冬季持续污染天气过程污染物质量浓度变化的影响机制,利用2016年12月1日-2017年1月31日逐时空气质量以及地面和逐日定时探空气象观测数据,根据大气污染级别和过程持续时间,选取2016年12月9-21日（简称"1211过程"）和2016年12月29日-2017年1月9日（简称"1231过程"）为研究对象,采用统计和天气诊断相结合的方法,在分析比较银川市冬季两次典型持续污染过程演变特征及其与地面气象要素关系的基础上,探讨了大气环流、边界层要素变化对银川市冬季典型污染过程的可能影响机制.结果表明:①银川市冬季两次大气污染过程持续阶段,地面均以偏东或偏南风为主,风速较小,相对湿度较大,能见度较低;在污染清除阶段,地面风向转为西北或偏北风,风速较大,相对湿度较小,能见度较高.②当冬季欧亚大陆中纬度区域500 hPa高空盛行纬向气流,850 hPa高度上银川市受反气旋环流和暖温度脊控制,并且有弱暖平流从西南部向北输送时,银川市易出现静稳型持续污染天气.③冬季银川市持续大气污染过程中,ρ（PM_2.5）与风速呈负相关（R平均值为-0.326）,与相对湿度呈正相关（R平均值为0.688）,与能见度呈显著负相关（R平均值为-0.905）,与边界层高度呈较显著负相关（R平均值为-0.575）.④银川市冬季静稳型持续污染天气主要分为弱西北和平直西风气流型两种,弱西北气流型具有近地面层逆温弱,污染物积累慢,清除快的特征;平直西风气流型具有近地面层逆温强,污染物积累快,清除慢的特征.研究显示,冬季银川市上空500 hPa高度盛行纬向气流,地面主导风向为偏东或偏南风时,随着地面相对湿度增大、近地层风速减小、大气垂直上升运动减弱、边界层高度降低,大气中ρ（PM_2.5）将迅速升高,银川市易出现以PM_2.5为首要污染物的静稳型持续污染天气.      

亚热带深水水库——龙滩水库季节性分层与富营养化特征分析

为揭示亚热带大型深水水库——龙滩水库水体季节性分层和富营养化特征,于2012年11月(枯水期),2013年4月(平水期)和7月(丰水期)对其环境因子及富营养化指标进行研究.结果表明:1龙滩水库分层结构呈不完全混合型湖泊特征,枯水期为单温跃层结构,表层至60 m为混合层,60~80 m为温跃层,80 m以后为永滞层.平水期和丰水期为双温跃层结构,表层到10 m为混合层,10~20 m为温跃层,20~40 m为混合层,40~60 m为次温跃层,60 m以后为混合层.2水温分层主导其它环境因子的分层结构,分层结构限制了水体上下对流,尤其永滞层的存在减少了内源污染的危害.3水库枯水期综合营养指数(TLI)在23.4~32.8之间,平水期在27.1~38.6之间,丰水期在26.0~45.1之间,均呈贫营养到中营养状态,其中总氮营养状态指数TSIc(TN)在60.3~72.5之间,呈富营养到重度富营养状态,氮磷比为107∶1,呈磷限制型.     

大水深水库内源污染特征及控制技术

对黑河金盆水库水温、溶解氧、pH和底部水质的监测分析结果表明,黑河金盆水库属于稳定的大水深分层型水库,水体分层阻碍了上下层水体之间的物质交换,在水体和底泥耗氧的双重作用下,溶解氧从表层水体的8 mg/L左右降低到底层水体的0.1～0.2 mg/L;在厌氧条件下,底部沉积物中N、P、Fe和Mn等污染物大量释放,导致底部水体中NH3-N、TN、TP、Fe、Mn和COD均值分别达到2.22、2.30、0.05、0.13、2.53、74.00 mg/L。针对水体分层对底部水质产生的不利影响,认为扬水曝气技术适宜于大水深水库的水质原位改善和内源污染控制。     

Analysis of spatial and temporal patterns in a large reservoir using water quality and hydrodynamic modeling

Effective management of reservoir water resources demands a good command of ecological processes in the waterbody. In this work the three-dimensional finite element hydrodynamic model RMA10 was coupled to an eutrophication model. The models were used together with a methodology for loads estimation to foster the understanding of such processes in the largest reservoir in Western Europe—the Alqueva. Nutrient enrichment and eutrophication are water quality concerns in this man-made impoundment. A total phosphorus and nitrogen loads quantification methodology was developed to estimate the inputs in the reservoir, using point and non-point source data.Field data (including water temperature, wind, water elevation, chlorophyll-a, nutrient concentration and dissolved oxygen) and estimated loads were used as forcing for simulations.The analysis of the modeling results shows that spatial and temporal distributions for water temperature, chlorophyll-a, dissolved oxygen and nutrients are consistent with measured in situ data.Modeling results allowed the identification of likely key impact factors on the water quality of the Alqueva reservoir. It is shown that the particular geomorphological and hydrological characteristics of the reservoir together with local climate features are responsible for the existence of distinct ecological regions within the reservoir.     

Integrated model projections of climate change impacts on a North American lake

Climate change is likely to impact terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems via numerous physical and biological mechanisms. This study outlines a framework for projecting potential impacts of climate change on lakes using linked environmental models. Impacts of climate drivers on catchment hydrology and thermal balance in Onondaga Lake (New York State) are simulated using mechanistic models HSPF and UFILS4. Outputs from these models are fed into a lake ecosystem model, developed in AQUATOX. Watershed simulations project increases in the magnitude of peak flows and consequent increases in catchment nutrient export as the magnitude of extreme precipitation events increases. This occurs concurrently with a decrease in annual stream discharge as a result of increased evapotranspiration. Simulated lake water temperatures increase by as much as 5 °C during the 2040-2069 time period, accompanied by a prolonging of the duration of summer stratification. Projected changes include shifts in the timing of nutrient cycling between lake sediments and water column. Plankton taxa projected to thrive under climate change include green algae and Bosmina longirostris. Responses for species at higher trophic levels are mixed. Benthic macroinvertebrates may either prosper (zebra mussels) or decline (chironomids), while fish (e.g., gizzard shad) exhibit high seasonal variability without any clear trend.     

贵州百花湖分层期水体有机碳及其稳定碳同位素组成分布特征与控制因素

研究湖水溶解有机碳(Dissolved organic carbon,DOC)和颗粒有机碳(Particle organic carbon,POC)的空间变化特征有助于揭示湖泊有机碳的来源、迁移转化过程与控制因素。本文通过对贵州百花湖分层期水体DOC和POC浓度及其碳稳定同位素组成的对比研究,揭示了百花湖分层期水体有机碳浓度及稳定碳同位素的空间分布特征。研究结果表明,百花湖夏季分层期水体DOC和POC的浓度范围分别为1.97~3.26mg/L(平均值2.58mg/L)和0.60~2.43mg/L(平均值1.14mg/L),且呈现出"上层高、下层低"的特征。水体DOC和POC浓度主要受藻类活动控制。水体δ13 CDOC值随深度增加呈偏正趋势,这可能是由深层水体溶解有机质发生矿化作用和分解作用所致。水体δ13 CPOC值随水体深度增加呈偏负趋势,上下层水体藻类生产力差异和沉积物再悬浮作用可能是导致该现象的主要原因。受光降解作用影响,百花湖水体δ13 CDOC较δ13 CPOC偏正。     

Effects of solution conditions on the physicochemical properties of stratification components of extracellular polymeric substances in anaerobic digested sludge

The composition and effects of solution conditions on the physicochemical properties of the stratification components of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in anaerobic digested sludge were determined. The total EPS in anaerobic digested sludge were extracted by the cation exchange resin method. Another EPS extraction method, the centrifugation and sonication technique was employed to stratify the EPS into three fractions: slime, loosely bound (LB)-EPS, and tightly bound (TB)-EPS from the outside to the inside of the anaerobic digested sludge. Proteins and polysaccharides were dispersed uniformly across the different EPS fractions, and humic-like substances were mainly partitioned in the slime, with TB-EPS second. Protein was the major constituent of the LB-EPS and TB-EPS, and the corresponding ratios ranged from 54.0% to 65.6%. The hydrophobic part in the EPS chemical components was primarily comprised of protein and DNA, while the hydrophilic part was mainly composed of polysaccharide. In the slime, the hydrophobic values of several EPS chemical components (protein, polysaccharide, humic-like substances and DNA) were all below 50%. The protein/polysaccharide ratio had a significant influence on the Zeta potentials and isoelectric point values of the EPS: the greater the protein/polysaccharide ratio of the EPS was, the greater the Zeta potential and the higher the isoelectric point value were. All Zeta potentials of the EPS showed a decreasing trend with increasing pH. The corresponding isoelectric point values (pH) were 2.8 for total EPS, 2.2 for slime, 2.7 for LB-EPS, and 2.6 for TB-EPS. As the ionic strength increased, the Zeta potentials sharply increased and then gradually became constant without charge reversal. In addition, as the temperature increased (< 40°C), the apparent viscosity of the EPS decreased monotonically and then gradually became stable between 40 and 60°C.     

三峡库区支流澎溪河水华高发期环境因子和浮游藻类的时空特征及其关系

分别在2014年春季和夏季三峡库区水华高发期,在库区北岸最大支流澎溪河流域从其河口处逆流而上至回水末端共布置8个采样点,对浮游藻类和环境因子进行了监测,运用数理统计分析手段,对浮游藻类的群落结构及其与环境因子的关系进行了分析.结果表明在4月中旬,除河口样点外,其他采样点水体出现分层,但断面多只有温跃层和滞温层,而没有混合层;上游水体层次间温差高于下游水体;各采样点的水深以及表层水体(水面向下至0.5 m深的水层)的水温、浊度、p H、电导率、溶解氧、叶绿素a、总氮和总磷的空间分布差异显著(ANOVA,P0.05);共检测到浮游藻类25种(属),丰度在(2.76~145.8)×10~4cell·L~(-1)之间,以角甲藻(Ceratium hirundinella)为主要优势藻,鱼腥藻(Anabaena sp.)为次优势藻;上游接近支流来水的样点S7(63.4×10~4cell·L~(-1))和S8(145.8×10~4cell·L~(-1))水华最为严重;硝酸盐氮、水温、p H、电导率和溶解氧是藻类生长的决定因子.在7月下旬,水体分层,趋势与春季相似;各采样点深度和0~0.5 m水层的水温、浊度、氧化还原电位、p H、电导率、叶绿素a、氨氮、硝酸盐氮、总氮和总磷的空间分布仍然差异显著(ANOVA,P0.05);共检测到浮游藻类46种(属),丰度在(9.56~278.88)×10~4cell·L~(-1)之间,总体以席藻(Phormidium sp.)为主要优势藻,鱼腥藻(Anabaena sp.)为次优势藻;下游接近澎溪河河口的样点S2(216.44×10~4cell·L~(-1))、S3(278.88×10~4cell·L~(-1))和S4(108.12×10~4cell·L~(-1))水华严重;浊度、水深、总氮、氧化还原电位、电导率和溶解氧是藻类生长的决定因子.水体分层与水华形成有重要关系.     

北方富营养分层型水库藻类季节性暴发机制及其阈值分析

季节性藻类水华严重威胁供水安全,为探明北方富营养分层型水库藻类季节性暴发机制,以李家河水库为例,于2017～2020年开展长期连续高频监测,采用传统藻群和功能藻群分类法,并耦合局部加权回归法和边界分析模型,提炼藻华季节性(春季和夏季)演替规律及暴发环境因子阈值.结果表明：(1)春季和夏季藻华演替规律及响应机制不同,春季以绿藻、硅藻和甲藻为主,而夏季以绿藻、硅藻和蓝藻为主;其中,春季以低温、小型且高比表面积藻为主,而夏季以高温、大型或团状且低比表面积藻为主;藻类生理和形态特征差异是造成季节性藻华的主要内因;(2)春季和夏季藻华主要驱动因子不同,春季藻华主要为水温、混合层深度(Z_mix)和光利用率(Z_eu/Z_mix)控制,而夏季藻华主要受水温、Z_mix、Z_eu/Z_mix和总磷(TP)的共同影响;主驱动因子的变化差异是诱发季节性藻华的主要外因;(3)春季和夏季藻华暴发的水环境阈值不同,春季藻类暴发的水温、Z_mix和Z_eu     

三峡水库坝前水体水化学及溶解无机碳时空分布特征

以三峡水库坝前水体为研究对象,分析了三峡水库蓄水至145m和172m水位时坝前垂向水体基本物理化学参数、主量元素、溶解无机碳(DIC)含量及其碳同位素(δ13CDIC)分布特征.研究结果表明,无论夏季还是冬季,坝前水体均没有出现水温分层现象,pH、电导、溶解氧也没有发生分层现象.坝前水体水化学组成主要受碳酸盐岩风化的控制,主量元素、溶解无机碳含量和三峡大坝截流前相比没有发生明显的变化.水体δ13CDIC值夏季(丰水期)低于冬季(枯水期),在垂向上变化不明显,与水库、湖泊δ13CDIC的时空变化特征相异而与自然河流的变化特征相似.目前,三峡水库坝前水体水化学特征主要表现出自然河流的特征,水库"湖沼学反应"还不明显.