Citizen participation in disaster recovery projects and programmes in rural communities: a comparison of the Haiti earthquake and Hurricane Katrina

This study investigates predictors of local participation in recovery projects and programmes following Hurricane Katrina in the United States in 2005 and the earthquake in Haiti in 2010. Using two sets of survey data, it examines whether disaster impacts and social capital (social trust and civic engagement) are associated with disaster recovery participation and compares predictors of such engagement in the two locations. Multivariate logistic regression results reveal that physical injuries, limited community mobility, and government trust increase recovery participation in Haiti (n=278), whereas emotional distress and homeownership decrease it. On the Gulf Coast of the US (n=259), physical injuries and higher civic engagement augment recovery participation, while homeownership and age reduce it. The confounding factors of national contexts and post‐disaster time frames might explain the differences in the results. The discussion addresses the relation between country‐specific vulnerability and recovery participation and suggests implications for policy and practice to improve local citizens’ capabilities to participate in sustainable recovery processes.     

吸收液对中空纤维膜接触器回收尿液中氨氮的影响

采用中空纤维膜接触器（Hollow Fiber Membrane Contactor, HFMC）回收尿液中的氨氮,系统研究了吸收液类型（H₃PO₄、H₂SO₄和HNO₃）对氨回收效能、水蒸气的跨膜通量和所获液体肥料的影响.结果表明,使用H₂SO₄作为吸收液时氨氮回收效能最优,其次是H₃PO₄和HNO₃.当采用H₂SO₄为吸收液时,氨氮回收率、氨跨膜通量和传质系数分别为84.49%±0.01%、22.92 g·m^-2·h^-1和2.37×10^-6 m·s^-1.HNO₃的挥发性使其从吸收液侧反向跨膜至料液侧,导致氨跨膜传质驱动力变小;此外,NH₃和HNO₃会在膜孔中反应并生成NH₄NO₃气溶胶,增加氨在膜孔中的传质阻力,导致氨氮的回收效能降低.对采用不同吸收液时膜两侧的水的活度差和理论水通量进行了计算,结果表明,随着氨氮的不断跨膜吸收,膜两侧的活度差和水通量逐渐增大,实验结束时水通量分别为7.44×10^-2 kg·m^-2·h^-1（H₃PO₄）、9.06×10^-2 kg·m^-2·h^-1（H₂SO₄）和2.00×10^-2 kg·m^-2·h^-1（HNO₃）.肥料组分分析表明,以H₂SO₄和HNO₃为吸收液可以获得仅含N素的单一液体肥料,以H₃PO₄作吸收液可获得N-P复合肥,（NH₄）₂HPO₄和NH₄H₂PO₄所占的比例分别为88.33%和11.67%.     

TDS对制备纳米乳化油稳定性影响的实验研究

为有效评估地下水中溶解组分对制备纳米乳化油的潜在影响,通过人工模拟配制天然地下水开展地下水TDS对制备纳米乳化油稳定性影响的批实验研究.分别采用动态光散和多重光散技术表征TDS影响下纳米乳化油粒径、背散射光通量、光子自由程以及峰厚度等指标的动态变化,以此来反映TDS对制备纳米乳化油稳定性的影响.结果显示:在TDS浓度为300、500和1000 mg·L^-1 的情况下,TDS对纳米乳化油稳定性起到正向作用.反映纳米乳化油整体稳定性的TSI随TDS增大呈现先增大后减小的趋势,相较于空白样稳定性分别提高了68.1%、55.6%和14.3%,其中300 mg·L^-1 的样品稳定性最好.依据局部TSI、背散射光强度、峰厚度和光子自由程的变化进行局部稳定性分析,识别出纳米乳化油的不稳定性主要受顶部不稳区和底部不稳区的影响.纳米乳化油顶部不稳区的不稳定性主要影响因素为液滴上浮、聚并,具体表现为体积分数增大,液滴粒径增大;而底部不稳区受上浮影响引起的纳米乳化油体积分数减小是其不稳的主要原因.进一步分析表明,TDS降低了纳米乳化油的布朗运动速率.相比于空白样,实验设计的TDS(300、500和1000 mg·L^-1)对纳米乳化油的上浮现象和液滴的聚并现象起抑制作用,并随浓度增大逐渐减弱. 300 mg·L^-1的样品对两种不稳定因素分别减轻了88%和87.7%.因此,适宜的地下水TDS可以减弱布朗运动,降低上浮现象和聚并现象,从而对纳米乳化油的稳定性起正向作用,有利于纳米乳化油在多孔介质中的迁移.     

油气管道周边挖掘前咨询系统建设探讨

为了解决油气管道周边挖掘施工过程中频繁发生管道失效的问题,探索能够联系有关施工相关方的挖掘前咨询渠道和方式,通过问题分析,明确施工方、管道企业、施工管理部门等相关方对挖掘前咨询的功能需求,基于已经建成的油气管道地图系统,分析了咨询平台、咨询流程、咨询信息等内容,提出了挖掘前咨询实现方式以及挖掘前咨询系统的整体架构和运行方式,并进行了实例应用。结果表明:该系统实现了油气管道周边挖掘前咨询功能,有助于建立联系施工相关方的管道保护机制。     

胜利油田油井开采时间对土壤线虫群落的影响

选择胜利油田不同开采时间的油井,研究石油开采对土壤线虫的影响.试验共鉴定出土壤线虫18科39属,其中食细菌线虫23属、食真菌线虫2属、植物寄生线虫9属、杂食/捕食线虫5属.食细菌类线虫数量所占比例最大,达56.36%,其次为食植物类、杂食/捕食类和食真菌类线虫.优势类群为盆咽属(Panagrolaimus)、头叶属(Cephalobus)、真头叶属(Eucephalobus).石油开采时间影响土壤线虫数量与植食性线虫数量,同时还影响线虫群落植物寄生线虫成熟指数(PPI),与开采时间显著相关的线虫有13个属.受石油开采干扰土壤的线虫主要是c-p 1和c-p 2类群.油井开采时间与土壤中w(总石油烃)的相关性不显著,土壤中w(总石油烃)影响线虫成熟指数(MI),而盘旋属(Rotylenchus)数量受石油烃影响较大.      

蜡染印花工艺废水处理设计及运行

设计运行了整个蜡染印花废水处理工程,皂化脱蜡废水松香回收新工艺,即采用两步调pH法-周边自重力进水法,回收率可达98%以上;机械洗蜡废水分流后经双级气浮处理,蜡回收率和处理水回用率可达90%以上;洗蜡废水经蜡回收后出水与其他废水混合后经初级混凝沉淀-水解酸化-好氧生化(A/O工艺)-辐流沉淀组合工艺处理,出水ρ(COD)均值约为130 mg/L,ρ(NH3-N)为3.36 mg/L,然后进入市政管网进行深度处理。     

Emergy analysis applied to the estimation of the recovery of costs for water services under the European Water Framework Directive

In this paper, the European Union's Water Framework Directive 2000/60/EC (WFD) that is intended to foster protection of water resources is examined, focusing on the improvement of ecological and chemical quality of surface and groundwater. The WFD includes the concept of full cost recovery (FCR) in accordance with the Polluter-Pays Principle, as one of the tools of an adequate and sustainable water resource management system. The WFD defines three different costs associated with water: resource costs (RC), financial costs (FC), and environmental costs (ECs).The FCR of water is examined from a biophysical perspective using emergy evaluation to: (1) establish resource values of water from different sources, (2) establish the full economic costs associated with supplying water, and (3) the societal costs of water that is used incorrectly; from which the resource costs, financial costs, and environmental costs, respectively, can be computed. Financial costs are the costs associated with providing water including energy, materials, labor and infrastructure. The emergy based monetary values vary between 0.15 and 1.73 €/m³ depending on technology. The emergy based, global average resource value (from which resource costs can be computed) is derived from two aspects of water: its chemical potential and its geopotential. The chemical potential monetary value of different sources such as rain, groundwater, and surface water derived from global averages of emergy inputs varies from 0.03 to 0.18 €/m³, depending on source, and the geopotential values vary from 0.03 to 2.40 €/m³, depending on location in the watershed. The environmental costs of water were averaged for the county of Spain and were 1.42 €/m³.Time of year and spatial location within the watershed ultimately influence the resource costs (computed from emergy value of chemical potential and geopotential energy) of water. To demonstrate this spatial and temporal variability, a case study is presented using the Foix watershed in northeastern Spain. Throughout the year, the resource value of water varies from 0.21 to 3.17 €/m³, depending on location within the watershed. It is concluded that FCR would benefit from the evaluation of resource costs using spatially and temporally explicit emergy accounting.     

氮磷钾对寒害腰果植株恢复生长结果的影响

通过观测不同施肥处理区寒害腰果植株重新开花坐果状况,分析施肥对寒害腰果植株恢复生长的影响,并分析腰果叶片养分含量与结果量之间的关系。结果表明：氮对寒害腰果植株重新开花的花枝数影响最大,钾次之,磷影响最小,随着氮施用量的增加,植株的花枝数逐渐增大;氮是影响寒害腰果植株结果量的主要因素,植株结果量随着氮施用量的增加而增加,磷、钾各处理间的结果量均未达到统计上显著差异;在施氮肥的基础上,配施磷钾肥,可以提高寒害腰果植株结果量,9个施肥处理中以N3P3K2处理的结果量最多。     

Workaholism and daily recovery: A day reconstruction study of leisure activities

This study among 85 individuals used a day reconstruction approach to examine whether workaholism moderates the relationship between daily activities during non‐work time and daily well‐being in the evening (evening happiness, momentary vigor before bedtime, and momentary recovery before bedtime). Specifically, it was hypothesized that daily work‐related activities during the evening have a stronger negative relationship with daily well‐being for employees high (versus low) in workaholism and that daily physical and social activities have a stronger positive relationship with well‐being for employees high (versus low) in workaholism. The results of multilevel analyses largely supported the hypotheses for daily physical and work‐related activities but not for social activities during non‐work time. These findings imply that organizations should not encourage their employees and particularly those who score high on workaholism to work during non‐work time and instead promote physical exercise. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

扬沸火灾发生时间预测模型的建立与应用分析

原油储罐扬沸火灾由池火灾发展而成,是一种危害性极大的事故.准确预测扬沸事故发生的时间,是扬沸机理研究中的难题之一.现有扬沸时间计算的通用模型由于没有考虑油品的粘性作用,计算结果误差较大.把扬沸火灾简化为无内热源的非稳态传热问题,在此基础上进行传热分析,进而推导出扬沸事故时间计算模型.设定了6组不同尺寸和不同充装水平的原油储罐池火灾,利用推导模型计算出了相应的扬沸事故发生时间.将计算结果与通用模型计算结果以及实验结果进行对比:该模型的准确性由于通用模型,计算结果与实验值误差较小,较为合理.研究结果对于扬沸火灾事故下消防人员的灭火救援的安全保障具有重要意义.