环境学习曲线与我国碳减排目标的地区分解

2009年我国政府提出:2020年碳排放强度在2005年的基础上降低40%～45%,这是我国应对全球气候变化的重要举措. 依据环境技术经济学的有关理论,运用1995—2007年的有关统计数据,建立了我国大陆30个省区(省、市、自治区)碳排放环境学习曲线(ELC),并依据ELC模型预测了碳排放强度和碳减排潜力. 结果发现,按照过去12 a的自然趋势,2020年各省区的碳减排潜力为15%～58%,全国碳减排总潜力为30.6%. 从“需求”与“可能”出发,将9.4%的缺口按比例分配到9个高碳省区,并依此重新计算各省区碳减排目标和分担率.      

规划环评中景观非生态功能影响评价实例

以景观概念作为融合自然与社会、科学与美学、理性与感性的结合点,研究了景观非生态功能的内涵及其评价技术理论框架,从景观功能中提炼出景观非生态功能概念,初步完成景观非生态功能评价指标体系的构建.评价技术体系设计突出环境影响评价中现状评价的客观性以及影响预测的科学性.以人感尺度下的评价对象——景观单元概念为创新点,该评价体系补充并完善了现有景观评价体系的技术链条,在保证评价精度的前提下,简化并规范了评价工作流程.该评价体系沿用现有环境影响评价所广泛采用的现状评价、影响源分析、影响预测评价及措施建议的技术思路,基本能满足现行技术规范的要求.以武汉市后官湖生态宜居新城规划环评为例,验证了该体系的可操作性,为我国规划环评在景观评价技术领域的发展提供理论和实践参考.      

Emergy analysis applied to the estimation of the recovery of costs for water services under the European Water Framework Directive

In this paper, the European Union's Water Framework Directive 2000/60/EC (WFD) that is intended to foster protection of water resources is examined, focusing on the improvement of ecological and chemical quality of surface and groundwater. The WFD includes the concept of full cost recovery (FCR) in accordance with the Polluter-Pays Principle, as one of the tools of an adequate and sustainable water resource management system. The WFD defines three different costs associated with water: resource costs (RC), financial costs (FC), and environmental costs (ECs).The FCR of water is examined from a biophysical perspective using emergy evaluation to: (1) establish resource values of water from different sources, (2) establish the full economic costs associated with supplying water, and (3) the societal costs of water that is used incorrectly; from which the resource costs, financial costs, and environmental costs, respectively, can be computed. Financial costs are the costs associated with providing water including energy, materials, labor and infrastructure. The emergy based monetary values vary between 0.15 and 1.73 €/m³ depending on technology. The emergy based, global average resource value (from which resource costs can be computed) is derived from two aspects of water: its chemical potential and its geopotential. The chemical potential monetary value of different sources such as rain, groundwater, and surface water derived from global averages of emergy inputs varies from 0.03 to 0.18 €/m³, depending on source, and the geopotential values vary from 0.03 to 2.40 €/m³, depending on location in the watershed. The environmental costs of water were averaged for the county of Spain and were 1.42 €/m³.Time of year and spatial location within the watershed ultimately influence the resource costs (computed from emergy value of chemical potential and geopotential energy) of water. To demonstrate this spatial and temporal variability, a case study is presented using the Foix watershed in northeastern Spain. Throughout the year, the resource value of water varies from 0.21 to 3.17 €/m³, depending on location within the watershed. It is concluded that FCR would benefit from the evaluation of resource costs using spatially and temporally explicit emergy accounting.     

Evaluation of recycling efforts of aircraft companies in Wichita

The number of manufactured aircraft has been continuously increasing worldwide because of the high demand for airline transportation. During manufacturing, many advanced materials and devices are used to build various sizes and shapes of aircraft. However, most of these materials and devices require considerable energy and labor to produce, so reusing these at any life stage of the aircraft offers many economic and environmental benefits, and is considered lucrative and environmentally responsible. Several recyclable materials—composites, metals and alloys, wires, wood, paper, plastics, electronics, and avionics—emerge as waste streams during the manufacturing of aircraft. Many aircraft companies have been recycling these materials to remanufacture aircraft parts or other products for more sustainable production. In the present study, we evaluated the recycling efforts of local aircraft companies in Wichita, KS. These efforts were considered in terms of recycling efficiency/rate and environmental benefits. These included cradle-to-gate (CTG) life-cycle inventory analysis of the materials, carbon dioxide emissions, virgin material replacement with recycled materials, and natural resources usage. Our findings show that there exists a significant potential for contributions to sustainability as well as environmental and health benefits in the region from recycling by aircraft manufacturing plants.     

Monitoring and environmental modeling of earthwork impacts: A road construction case study

This study presents the contributions of materials, earth engineering machines and construction techniques to potential environmental impacts from the main items of typical road earthworks. To achieve this goal, the overall activity at a 1.9-km long French earthworks project site for a heavily trafficked highway was surveyed during its 2007–2009 construction period. Using data collected and a numerical model of road life cycle assessment (LCA), i.e. ECORCE, six indicators could be evaluated, namely: energy consumption, global warming potential, acidification, eutrophication, photochemical ozone creation, and human chronic toxicity. When available, several life cycle inventories were implemented in order to appraise indicator sensitivity with respect to the considered panel of pollutants. Results also allowed estimating from an LCA point of view: (i) the conservation of both aggregates and soil as induced by quicklime treatment and (ii) the duration necessary for projected traffic levels to offset the potential environmental impacts of the earthworks stage.     

Approaches to developing risk management objectives: an analysis of international strategies

Risk assessment/management frameworks employed around the world to guide environmental decision-making were analyzed for their approaches to developing risk management objectives and the decision criteria necessary for environmental policy implementation. Frameworks from the Netherlands, the UK, Sweden, Australia/New Zealand, Canada, and the USA were considered. Progress in refining the scientific basis for risk assessment/management has been made, but there has been little parallel development in defining the mechanisms by which available scientific information may be used to define risk management goals or identify and select between management options using a priori decision criteria. The lack of detailed guidance on the setting and achievement of risk management goals that appropriately balance technical information and public input remains an important challenge to the use and practice of all risk assessment/management frameworks.     

Corporate environmental responsibility in the supply chain

A continuing trend in outsourcing increases the complexity of supply chains. Global supply chains extend over numerous echelons of countless companies. In parallel, the company-internal view on corporate environmental responsibility is being challenged as customers and legislation alike broaden a company's environmental responsibility to include organisations' upstream as well as downstream in the supply chain. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine corporate environmental responsibility beyond corporate boundaries, i.e. in the supply chain. A cross-industrial study based on 16 case studies in Finnish trans-national corporations sheds light on various dimensions of corporate environmental responsibility upstream and downstream of product and process supply chains. Conclusions were drawn for corporate environmental responsibility as well as for the role of supply chain management in extending environmental demand over several echelons and diverse industries.     

我国现行环境统计指标体系改进方向

我国现行环境统计指标体系在指标的选择和可操作性方面存在缺陷和不足,主要表现为污染物排放量的计算方法模糊、污染物排放标准未能得到有效实施、非重点工业排放量取值比例有待调整、污染源调查范围不能与时俱进、环境质量指标体系未纳入环境统计,这些问题需进一步完善,才能更好地适应环境管理工作需要。     

表面处理清洁生产线的研发

介绍了中国电器科学研究院近期研制开发的电镀、氧化等金属表面处理新型生产线。对生产线各相关系统进行研究,通过改进与创新,达到清洁、节能、智能化等目的。     

区域开发建设环境污染防治措施的探讨

区域开发具有较大的不确定性,并且占地面积大、开发的内容广、性质复杂、建设周期长,通常的区域开发都有可能涉及到工业、城建、商业、人居、市政等多个领域的开发活动,所以区域开发必须结合区域开发的特征,准确识别其可能对区域内及其周边的空气环境、地下水质量、地表水水质及水文条件、声环境、土壤、植被、地形地貌等自然环境和人口、交通、经济结构等社会环境等产生的影响,并采取发展循环经济,减少污染生成的源头控制措施;科学规划产业结构,合理布局的预防性措施;源内达标、区域集中控制的污染治理措施;实施清洁生产、总量控制,推进区域环境与经济的持续发展。