漂浮植物塘协同处理农村分散生活污水研究

通过实验考察了漂浮植物塘对经模拟化粪池简易处理的农村分散生活污水的深度净化效果,结果表明：水葫芦、大薸、聚草塘对上述污水均具有良好的净化效果,水葫芦塘对TP的去除效果最好,大薸塘对TN和NH⁺₄-N的去除效果最好。当水力停留时间为20 d时,3种漂浮植物塘的出水污染物含量可低于GB/T 18921-2002观赏性景观环境用水河道类标准。在南方农村宅沟园河内种植漂浮植物是构建农村实用生活污水收集处理系统、控制农村生活污水对河道污染的一种有效措施。     

Investigation of oil vapor emission and its evaluation methods

In oil operations such as storage, loading, and unloading, there are many chances for oil vapor to be emitted from tanks, tankers or truck tanks into the air. Oil vapor emission (OVE), having serious harmful effects on people and the environment, is always an important research topic for scientists, engineers or managers engaged in the fields of oil production and transportation, fire prevention, and environmental protection. As the second greatest oil consuming country in the world, China has particular interests in investigating ways to better methods to realize and then control the OVE. In this paper, three evaluation methods for the OVE are introduced and summed up. In particular, a set of self-founded OVE’s appraisement methods, which work by theoretical deduced equations integrated with both a software PELES-2.0 and a simple correction method, was systematically investigated. This appraisement system can conveniently and accurately be applied to evaluate the OVE, and further it can also provide base references and/or guides for the law makers, enterprise managers and equipment developers in controlling OVEs.     

Differences in nitrite-oxidizing communities and kinetics in a brackish environment after enrichment at low and high nitrite concentrations

Nitrite accumulation in shrimp ponds can pose serious adverse effects to shrimp production and the environment.This study aims to develop an effective process for the enrichment of ready-to-use nitrite-oxidizing bacteria(NOB)inocula that would be appropriate for nitrite removal in brackish shrimp ponds.To achieve this objective,the effects of nitrite concentrations on NOB communities and nitrite oxidation kinetics in a brackish environment were investigated.Moving-bed biofilm sequencing batch reactors and continuous moving-bed biofilm reactors were used for the enrichment of NOB at various nitrite concentrations,using sediment from brackish shrimp ponds as seed inoculum.The results from NOB population analysis with quantitative polymerase chain reaction(q PCR)show that only Nitrospira were detected in the sediment from the shrimp ponds.After the enrichment,both Nitrospira and Nitrobacter coexisted in the reactors controlling effluent nitrite at 0.1 and 0.5 mg-NO_2~--N/L.On the other hand,in the reactors controlling effluent nitrite at 3,20,and 100 mg-NO_2~--N/L,Nitrobacter outcompeted Nitrospira in many orders of magnitude.The half saturation coefficients(Ks)for nitrite oxidation of the enrichments at low nitrite concentrations(0.1 and 0.5 mg-NO_2~--N/L)were in the range of 0.71–0.98 mg-NO_2~--N/L.In contrast,the Ksvalues of NOB enriched at high nitrite concentrations(3,20,and 100 mg-NO_2~--N/L)were much higher(8.36–12.20 mg-NO_2~--N/L).The results suggest that the selection of nitrite concentrations for the enrichment of NOB inocula can significantly influence NOB populations and kinetics,which could affect the effectiveness of their applications in brackish shrimp ponds.     

蒸发浓缩法在地面水COD测定中可行性研究

本文对蒸发浓缩法用于地面水中低浓度ＣＯＤ的测定作了研究,实验结果表明,地面水中ＣＯＤ物质在碱性条件下,能得以定量浓缩,然后采用重铬酸钾法进行测定,所得结果的精密度和准确度良好,若通过蒸发浓缩处理使ＣＯＤ物质浓缩５倍,则可使重铬酸钾法的最低检测限浓度由５０ｍｇ／Ｌ降低到１０ｍｇ／Ｌ,从而使该方法能够适用于地面水水质标准中各类水质ＣＯＤ检测要求。     

高矿化度含油污水蒸发处理技术研究

针对高矿化度含油污水处理，介绍了蒸发处理的技术概况，给出了可行的预处理方案，着重讨论了蒸发处理的影响因素，推导出自然水面蒸发量的计算公式，给出了蒸发池的基本形式和参数。     

论CODMn测定方法的改进

从理论和试验两方面论证了现行高锰酸钾法测定化学需氧量的不足，提出在水浴加热过程中增加回流冷凝装置的改进建议。     

Comparison of calculated evaporation rates of water droplets with those of pesticide droplets measured in a wind tunnel by Dennison and Wedding (1984)

Abstract

Calculations, based on Fuchs’ (1959) formula, of evaporation rates of water droplets freely falling through air are compared with those of water‐based pesticide droplets measured by Dennison and Wedding (1984) in a wind tunnel. Results indicate that calculations of evaporation rates of water droplets, are not significantly different from measurements of that of water‐based pesticide droplets under conditions of 20 °C and 20% relative humidity, but different under other measurement conditions.     

Fate of permethrin in model outdoor ponds

Abstract

In 1979 and 1980, outdoor artificial ponds were treated with ¹⁴C‐pennethrin (labelled at either the cyclopropyl or methylene position) at 0.028 kg/ha (15 ug/L). Uptake of permethrin by duckweed and hydrosoil was monitored by direct combustion, TLC‐autoradiography, HPLC, and liquid scintillation counting. Rapid loss of permethrin from the waiter coincided with the detection of five degradation products in the water at concentrations below 2.0 ug/L. The products were cis‐ and trans‐cyclopropyl acid, phenoxybenzoic acid, and phenoxybenzyl alcohol, and an unknown non‐cleaved product of permethrin. Permethrin was readily sorbed by duckweed but was not persistent. Permethrin residues in the hydrosoil, which was the major sink for permethrin added to the ponds, were persistent and were detected at 420 days post‐treatment. Cis‐permethrin was more persistent in the hydrosoil than the trans‐permethrin. The results indicated that permethrin in water was short‐lived at an application rate of 15 ug/L because of the rapid degradation of permethrin in the water and sorption of permethrin by the hydrosoil and vegetation. However, at one year post‐treatment, permethrin residues were still detected in the hydrosoil at 1.0 ug/kg.     

闽江口养殖塘水-大气界面温室气体通量日进程特征

湿地围垦养殖是人类对于滨海湿地的主要干扰方式之一.以闽江口鳝鱼滩湿地围垦养虾塘和鱼虾混养塘为研究对象,利用悬浮箱-气相色谱法对养殖塘秋季水-大气界面CO2、CH4和N2O通量日进程进行了观测并同步测定了地面气象及表层水的物理、生物和化学指标.养虾塘和鱼虾混养塘水-大气界面CO2、CH4和N2O通量均具有明显的日变化特征,2种养殖塘整体上均表现为吸收CO2的汇,CO2通量平均值分别为-48.79 mg·（m2·h）-1和-105.25 mg·（m2·h）-1,排放CH4的源,CH4通量平均值分别为1.00 mg.（m2.h）-1和5.74 mg·（m2·h）-1,鱼虾混养塘水-大气界面CH4排放量和CO2吸收量均高于养虾塘.养殖塘水-大气界面温室气体通量受到诸多环境因子的影响,多元逐步回归分析结果表明,对于养虾塘,叶绿素a是影响其水-大气界面CO2通量日变化的主要环境因子,PO34-和SO24-是影响水-大气界面CH4通量日变化的主要环境要素;鱼虾混养塘水-大气界面CO2通量主要受到水温、叶绿素a的影响,而溶解氧、PO34-和pH是影响其CH4通量的主要环境因子。     

河口陆基养虾塘沉积物铁的含量和形态

为研究河口陆基养殖塘底泥中铁的迁移和转化机制,本文测定了福建省3个河口养虾塘养殖期表层和亚表层底泥沉积物中活性铁含量及间隙水的常见组分.结果表明,不同站点间晶质Fe（III）、非硫Fe（II）、有机铁、铁硫化物含量存在显著差异.间隙水SO₄^2-和Cl^-可能是影响不同站点间Fe的形态和分布存在异质性的主要环境影响因子之一.盐度较高的养虾塘,铁的硫化物含量较高,有机铁和晶质Fe（III）含量较少.陆基养虾塘底泥沉积物中活性铁含量按固相Fe（III） > 铁硫化物 > 非硫Fe（II） > 有机铁的顺序排列.养虾塘亚表层沉积物铁硫化物（FeS和FeS₂）含量高于表层沉积物,而表层沉积物有机铁含量与间隙水SO₄^2-和NH₄⁺浓度高于亚表层沉积物.铁硫化物的生成一定程度上降低河口陆基养虾塘沉积物营养盐污染的潜在风险.