闽江口鱼虾混养塘水-气界面温室气体通量及主要影响因子

以闽江口区鳝鱼滩湿地分布的鱼虾混合养殖塘为研究对象,于2011年9月-2012年1月,采用悬浮箱-气相色谱法对养殖塘白天水-气界面CO2、CH4和N2O的通量进行观测,并同步测定地面气象及养殖塘表层水的物理、生物和化学指标.结果表明,观测期间养殖塘水-气界面CO2、CH4和N2O 3种温室气体通量变化范围分别为-22.15 ～74.79 mg·m-2·h-、0.08～6.62mg·m-2·h-1和-9.82 ～ 47.16μg·m-2· h-1,平均值分别为21.04、3.15 mg·m-2ˉh-1和16.58 μg·m-2·h-1,整体均表现为大气中3种温室气体的排放源.养殖塘水-气界面3种温室气体通量特征受到人类管理行为(水质管理和饵料投放等)、养殖鱼虾的觅食和代谢过程及气象因子和水体理化性质等诸多因素的共同影响.     

巢湖滨岸水塘洼地沉积物反硝化速率及对外源碳氮的响应

2018年10月至2019年8月,在巢湖西半湖北侧滨岸筛选3个典型水塘洼地,采集表层沉积物及上覆水样,开展外源碳氮浓度梯度培养实验,解析底质反硝化速率对碳氮的限制性,并识别主要环境影响因素.结果表明:①洼地蒲草、水塘芦苇、水塘蒲草等3种植物丛沉积物对照样的反硝化速率[mg·(kg·h)^-1]分别为2.15～10.87(均值为6.47)、 2.08～10.65(均值为6.97)、 2.06～10.88(均值为6.76),彼此间差异性不显著;②总体上,外源氮(硝态氮)的添加可以明显提高沉积物的反硝化速率,表明硝态氮为反硝化过程的限制性因素;③外源碳(葡萄糖)的添加导致植物丛沉积物反硝化速率明显下降,表明有机碳对沉积物反硝化产生了抑制作用;④外源碳氮同时添加明显提高了沉积物反硝化速率,除10月洼地蒲草丛和6月水塘蒲草丛低碳氮浓度沉积物反硝化速率相对较高以外,其它情形均表现为高碳氮浓度沉积物反硝化速率更高.     

两种氧化塘数学模式的研究

本文对完全混合流模式的修正式和类Michaelis-Menton方程模式两种氧化塘数学模式进行了研究。研究结果表明,这两种模式在模型好氧塘中有很好的适用性;这两种模式中的参数的讨论对于认识有机污染物在氧化塘中的降解及其微生物与污染物的相互作用有一定意义。     

Long-Term Effects on Soil of the Disposal of Olive Mill Waste Waters (OMW)

Disposal of untreated olive mill waste waters (OMW) is a serious environmental problem in many Mediterranean countries. The aim of this work was to assess whether changes in soil properties have occurred due to direct disposal of raw OMW on soil and in evaporation ponds, and to investigate the potential fate and transport of pollutants after olive oil production had ceased. The results clearly showed that uncontrolled OMW disposal is a significant source of pollution to surface soil and waters. Disposal of OMW on soil greatly increased electrical conductivity (EC), available phosphorous (P), exchangeable potassium (K) and magnesium (Mg), organic matter, polyphenols, total and inorganic nitrogen (N), and available micronutrients mainly in surface soil layers. The presence of a high content of clay and carbonates in soil act as barriers and prevent downward transport of pollutants. Residual levels of total carbon (C), polyphenols, total and inorganic N, exchangeable K⁺, available P, iron (Fe), and copper (Cu) were also elevated even 8 years after mill closure. The long term disposal of OMW highlights the need to establish soil quality standards for soil parameters in order to identify soils affected by the disposal of OMW.     

A Technique for Estimating the Age of Regular/Mid-grade Gasolines Released to the Subsurface Since the Early 1970's

Investigators, regulators, and litigants having interest in gasoline hydrocarbon releases are almost always concerned with knowing when a release occurred. Gasoline releases to the subsurface have, historically, been the most difficult to age date because of their volatile nature and highly aromatic composition. Age dating of gasolines in the past has depended on the degree of weathering of the lower boiling hydrocarbons in gasoline, the use and disuse of lead, lead isotopes, the use of other additives such as methyl-tertiary-butyl ether, and major refining and formulation changes. However, these approaches are limited and many times difficult to demonstrate and apply. This paper describes a new age dating technique using gas chromatographic data. It is based on the progressive enhancement of the aromatics and the reduction of the normal alkanes (paraffins) in the manufacture of regular and mid-grade gasolines since the 1970s. The changing composition of gasoline was necessary to maintain octane ratings during the removal of lead from the gasoline and while meeting increasingly stringent air quality regulations over the past 30 years. This paper proposes the use of an index that reflects these changes in gasoline composition over time and can be correlated to when the gasoline was manufactured. The resulting curve can be used to estimate the age of release (manufacture) of gasolines. This forensic application can be successfully applied to liquid gasoline samples where the evaporation of the gasoline is less than 50%. Case histories and examples are presented to demonstrate application of the technique.     

池塘水体氨氧化细菌季节变化及其与环境影响因子相关性分析

以氨氧化细菌(AOB)的氨单加氧酶amoA基因为分子标记,调查了湖北省公安县崇湖渔场草鱼池塘水体AOB季节变化,并分析了AOB丰度与主要环境因子的相关性.结果表明,池塘表、底层水体AOB amoA基因拷贝数均呈相似的季节变动规律,即夏季显著高于春、秋两季(p0.05),而春、秋两季间无显著差异(p0.05);相同季节池塘表、底层水体AOB amoA基因拷贝数无显著性差异(p0.05).表、底层水体AOB amoA基因拷贝数均与温度、总磷呈显著正相关;与溶解氧呈显著负相关.此外,表层AOB amoA基因拷贝数与总有机碳呈极显著负相关.主成分分析将8个环境因子划分为3个主成分.表层第一主成分为水温、溶解氧、氨氮与总磷,第二主成分为硝态氮与总有机碳,第三主成分为总氮与亚硝态氮;底层第一主成分为水温、溶解氧、氨氮、总磷与总有机碳,第二主成分为硝态氮与亚硝态氮,第三主成分为总氮.     

大气降尘测定中蒸发方式的选择

为了加快大气降尘样品的蒸发速度和报出数据的及时,经过分析总结,得出蒸发样品的步骤为:先电热套蒸发再水浴蒸发最后用电热板蒸发,这样既可以节省时间,又可以节约能耗,避免样品在空气中放置时间过长,空气中的尘粒进入样品中,影响样品测定的结果。     

TRACE ELEMENTS IN NORTHERN GREAT PLAINS STRIP MINE AND LIVESTOCK IMPOUNDMENT WATER1

ABSTRACT: The water from 32 strip mine water impoundments and nine livestock watering ponds in North Dakota, South Dakota, and Wyoming were analyzed for trace elements. Because of the high concentrations of trace elements in coal and bentonite clay, the possibility exists for these elements to dissolve or be suspended in the water. Strip mine ponds were not significantly higher in trace element concentrations compared to livestock ponds. All but one of the 41 ponds sampled contained elemental concentrations that would be detrimental for livestock use or aquatic life use. Cadmium and lead were the elements most frequently in excess of water quality crieria. Lead was found in the study ponds about 35 times the median concentration of North American rivers. Manganese concentrations were found to exceed iron in many ponds, which is unusual in natural waters. The potential for detrimental concentrations of trace elements in pond water must be evaluated when designing land use management plans for ponds intended to be used by livestock or aquatic life.     

MODELING THE PERFORMANCE OF DEEP WASTE STABILIZATION PONDS1

ABSTRACT: The performance characteristics of a deep waste stabilization pond operating in Southeast Spain were studied for one year; the results show a high reduction in organic load and nutrients, as well as disinfection of the effluent, after a retention time that varies as a function of climatic conditions. Mathematical models describing its hydraulic, thermal, and biochemical bahavior are presented and compared with a set of measured data.     

Initial results from a multi-institutional collaboration to monitor harmful algal blooms in South Carolina

The rapid rate of development in the South Carolina (SC) coastal zone has heightened public concern for the condition of the state's estuaries, and alerted scientists to the potential that novel and adverse effects on estuarine ecosystems may result. Although well-developed databases from long-term monitoring programs exist for many variables valuable in predicting and following system responses, information on phytoplankton distributions in SC estuaries has lagged. Knowledge of the dynamical relationship between environmental (e.g., nutrient quantity and quality) and biological (e.g., grazing) regulation, and phytoplankton biomass and composition is critical to understanding estuarine susceptibility to eutrophication or harmful algal blooms (HABs). Recently, SC scientists from federal, state, and academic institutions established a collaborative monitoring program to assess HAB distribution and ecology statewide. The South Carolina Harmful Algal Bloom Program includes: a) intensive temporal monitoring at areas of known HAB occurrence or those exhibiting symptoms potentially related to HABs (e.g., prevalent fish lesions), b) extensive spatial monitoring in coordination with existing statewide efforts, c) a citizen volunteer monitoring network, d) nutrient response bioassays, and e) laboratory-based physiological experiments on HAB isolates. By combining trip-wire surveillance and rapid response systems, routine monitoring of environmental parameters and HAB distribution, and process-oriented studies examining the physiological functioning of HAB species, an enhanced understanding of the impact and environmental control of HABs in SC estuaries will be achieved. The application of this approach to studies on the distribution and physiological ecology of a new widespread SC red tide, and to the discovery of several potentially toxic blooms (including Pfiesteria) in SC holding ponds, are described.