我国地方层面生态补偿实践经验与借鉴

生态补偿机制的构建,不仅有利于缩小区际间的差距,还原生态以价值,而且还是环境降压的出口,促进环境建设,走可持续发展的道路。文章以生态补偿实践应用的角度为切入点,从流域、省域和地市3个层面系统分析了地方生态补偿的实践经验,在此基础上提出了现有的实践经验对我国地方层面生态补偿所带来的借鉴与启示。     

Engaging with the natural environment: The role of affective connection and identity

Research has shown pro-environmental behaviour to be positively associated with the strength of emotional connection towards the natural environment. The present study (N=199) investigated the predictive utility of an extended model of the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) [ Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behaviour. Organizational Behaviour and Human Decision Processes, 50, 179–211] for people's intentions to engage with the natural environment. It was hypothesised that both affective connection and identification with the natural environment would contribute significantly to the prediction of people's intentions. A secondary hypothesis was that participants who had grown up in rural areas would report more positive orientations towards engaging with the natural environment than would urban participants. The research found that affective connection was a significant independent predictor of intentions to engage with the natural environment. Environmental identity was only a significant predictor in the absence of affective connection in the regression model. As predicted, rural and urban participants differed significantly along the measured variables.     

物料衡算法计算燃煤SO_2排放总量的探讨

分析了现行燃煤ＳＯ_２排放总量计算方法的优缺点，提出了一种适合基层环保部门准确计征燃煤ＳＯ_２排污费使用的新方法。     

日本公害治理及赔偿的历程、经验及对中国的启示

日本在其经济起飞期,曾经是全球公害最严重的国家,世界八大公害事件有一半发生在日本,随之带来的公害病祸及千家万户。日本在公害应对及相关赔偿上是道路甚曲折、结果可称道：1970年后日本再也没有发生严重的公害事件,但相关赔偿事宜一直到2013年才基本结束。可将其经验总结为五方面：立法规范、绿色发展;科学认定;公众参与;多措并举;多方筹资。这些经验应用到中国,应注意实现形式的差别,弥补我国在上位法制定、非政府组织介入、多渠道筹资等方面的制度短板,加大摸清底数等工作力度,并根据风险管理原理使相关部门的举措联动配合。     

The past ownership of a resource affects the agonistic behavior of hermit crabs

Resource value is often considered the most important nonstrategic variable in the fighting behavior of invertebrates. In our study, we tested whether the experience of shells of a given quality, occupied in the recent past, might affect the agonistic behavior of the hermit crab Pagurus longicarpus. We analyzed the fights battled by 84 test crabs against size-matched unknown rivals before (premanipulation phase) and after (postmanipulation phase) having modified the quality of the domicile shell of the contestants. Specifically, we compared the behavior of crabs that had been subject to either a worsening or an improvement in the quality of their shell with crabs that, although being similarly subject to a shell manipulation, occupied a shell of the same quality as in the premanipulation phase. We found that the crabs subject to a worsening in the quality of their shell were more aggressive than those subject to its improvement and that the former were even more aggressive than those that occupied a bad quality shell also in the premanipulation phase. Crabs seemed not to gather information about the opponent’s shell during fights or not to use this information, most often behaving in accordance with the quality of the domicile shell. These results are clear in showing the role played by the experience of a previously occupied shell, also confirming that the agonistic behavior of P. longicarpus is mainly based on decision rules of the type “own resource value dependency.”     

大丰市生态农业建设的基本经验

总结江苏省大丰市开展生态农业建设的基本经验：培植生态系统的新增长点、农业资源的合理配置和永续利用、人口数量和质量的优化，科技进步和积极引进实用技术。     

Ontogenetic changes in alarm-call production and usage in meerkats (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Suricata suricatta</Emphasis>): adaptations or constraints?

In many species, individuals suffer major mortality in their first year because of predation. Behaviours that facilitate successful escape are therefore under strong selection, but anti-predator skills often emerge gradually during an individual’s early development. Using long-term data and acoustic recordings of alarm calls collected during natural predator encounters, we aimed to elucidate two largely unsolved issues in anti-predator ontogeny: (1) whether incorrect predator assignment is adaptively age-appropriate, given that vulnerability often changes during development, or whether age-related differences reflect true mistakes made by immature individuals; and (2) the extent to which the development of adult-like competence in alarm-call production and usage is simply a function of maturational processes or dependent upon experience. We found that young meerkats (Suricata suricatta) were less likely to give alarm calls than adults, but alarmed more in response to non-threatening species compared to adults. However, stimuli that pose a greater threat to young than adults did not elicit more calling from young; this argues against age-related changes in vulnerability as the sole explanation for developmental changes in calling. Young in small groups, who were more likely to watch out for predators, alarmed more than less vigilant young in larger groups. Moreover, despite similarities in acoustic structure between alarm call types, calls appeared in the repertoire at different rates, and those that were associated with frequently encountered predators were produced relatively early on. These results indicate that experience is a more plausible explanation for such developmental trajectories than maturation.     

国外油气管道安全管理经验及启示

近年来,我国油气管道发展迅猛,管道数量激增;上世纪70!80年代修建的管道逐渐进入老龄化,管道事故呈上升趋势。文章对美国、加拿大和欧盟国家油气管道的发展现状和事故情况进行了介绍,重点对以美国为代表的国外油气管道安全管理先进经验进行了分析,并针对当前我国油气管道安全管理的形势和问题,提出了一些建议。     

加拿大油田安全管理的经验与建议

加拿大建立了健全的政府能源管理机构,有完善的油气开发安全法规和标准体系。安全监督部门对石油天然气企业的监督检查表现为：确定重点监督检查企业,确保专业监督检查人员执法质量,加大监督检查处罚力度,促进安全管理水平的提高。油气企业安全管理与操作人员培训由专业培训机构承担,特别重视井控和防硫化氢培训,所有一线作业人员接受ENFORM的培训后,其上岗资格才为企业和安全环保监督部门认可。笔者就加拿大油田的开发安全管理经验,结合国内实际提出建议：应建立完善健全的安全生产数据库管理系统,为企业安全生产管理提供依据,健全事故上报制度;提高企业安全文化水平,营造良好的安全工作环境;加强承包商安全生产管理,共建甲乙双方和谐安全环境。     

谈谈中药制药企业抓好安全管理的经验和体会

中药制药企业安全工作虽进步很大,但仍存在一些问题.介绍了几点抓好安全生产管理的经验与体会.