"政府-企业"节能减排互动机制研究

我国正处于工业化进程的中后期,能源资源的短缺、环境污染破坏等问题对经济发展的制约日渐显著.企业作为节能减排工作的主要参与者,经常陷入节能减排投入成本高、担负责任大,却经济效益少的现实境地.与之相反,政府则可以在不承担风险的情况下,享受到企业节能减排所带来的各项收益和资源保存收益,这将影响企业节能减排的积极性.本文构建了一种政府-企业节能减排互动机制激励模型,可求得政府与企业在节能减排战略中最优的责任分摊比例,并依据模型测度出企业节能减排的成本投入和各项经济、环境效益指标,从而为政府合理分摊企业节能减排压力提供科学的依据,并使得企业更有动力实施节能减排战略,最终实现整个社会的帕累托最优.     

公路交通伤亡和行政决策之间关系研究

根据1980年至今的交通伤亡统计资料,笔者对我国公路交通事故现状进行了简要分析,并指出了事故内容统计方法的不足。根据公路交通存在着多部门管理、多部门分配利益,没有部门承担路难责任的问题,提出了业主、司机、警察和法院的职责和关系,把利益和责任联系起来。笔者认为,政府的行政决策非常重要,同时对政府处理路难态度提出自己的观点,对按不同路型不同决策提出建议,对用科技手段解决路难问题提出了加强平等竞争的呼吁。     

应急与日常状态下的责任配置一致性研究

针对各部门在应急与日常状态下的责任存在不一致的问题,因而导致在应急过程中无法有效进行责任转换,影响应急工作开展,借鉴遥感影像分类精度评价中常用的混淆矩阵方法,通过确定标准任务、应急责任矩阵、日常相关责任、责任一致性原则等步骤,建立了应急预案混淆矩阵。笔者以2007年《××市雪天道路交通保障应急预案》为例,对应急预案在应急与日常状态下的责任一致性进行了分析。结果表明,各部门以及应急预案整体的混淆矩阵,能够直观而定性地反映应急预案的责任一致性;对混淆矩阵责任一致性指数p的计算,可进一步定量化地评价应急预案。定性与定量相结合的方法是全面分析和评价应急预案所必需的手段,同时可以为应急预案的责任配置调整提供依据。     

Adaptation of a Canadian culpability scoring tool to Alberta police traffic collision report data

Objective: The objective of this study was to adapt a previously validated Canadian Culpability Scoring Tool (CCST) to Alberta police report data.

Methods: Police traffic collision reports from motor vehicle (MV) collisions in Calgary and Edmonton (Alberta, Canada) from 2010 to 2014 were used. Adaptation of the CCST was completed with input from personnel within Alberta Transportation, contributing to face and content validity. Two research assistants, given only the information necessary for scoring, evaluated 175 randomly selected MV–MV collisions. Interrater agreement was estimated using kappa (k) and reported with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Discussion of disagreements between the research assistants and consultation from Alberta Transportation informed the algorithm used in the Alberta Motor Vehicle Collision Culpability Tool (AMVCCT). The AMVCCT was automated and applied to all motorists involved in collisions. Binary logistic regression was used to examine characteristics of the culpable and nonculpable drivers and their effects were reported using odds ratios (ORs) with 95% CIs.

Results: Interrater agreement for the random sample was excellent (k = 0.95; 95% CI, 0.92–0.99). Of those drivers hospitalized, 1,130 (37.54%) were rated not culpable and 1,880 (62.46%) were rated culpable. The odds of being culpable were higher for males than for females (OR = 1.43; 95% CI, 1.23–1.66). The odds of being culpable were higher in those impaired by alcohol than those considered “apparently normal” (OR = 61.10; 95% CI, 22.66–164.75). The odds of being deemed culpable, when compared with drivers >54 years old, were higher for those <25 years old (OR = 1.72; 95% CI, 1.35–2.20) and lower for those in the 40- to 54-year-old age group (OR = 0.78; 95% CI, 0.63–0.96). Driving between 12 a.m. and 6 a.m. resulted in higher odds of being culpable compare with all other 6-h time blocks. Direction and statistical significance remained consistent when applying the tool to all MV collisions. Sensitivity analysis including the removal of single vehicle collisions did not affect the direction or statistical significance of the main results.

Conclusions: The AMVCCT identified a culpable group that exhibited characteristics expected in drivers who are at fault in collisions. The age groups 25–39 and 40–54 demonstrated different results than the CCST. However, this is the only difference that exists in the findings of the AMVCCT compared to the CCST and could exist due to differences between the driving populations in Alberta and British Columbia. It is possible to adapt the CCST to provinces outside British Columbia and, in doing so, we can identify risk factors for collision contribution and not-at-fault drivers who represent the driving population.     

National benefits,local costs? Local residents' views on environmental and social effects of large‐scale mining in Chingola,Zambia

This study examined the environmental and social effects of large‐scale mining in Chingola, Zambia. Data was collected through semi‐structured interviews with 164 residents living close to Zambia's largest open pit mine, key informants and desk analysis of secondary data. Quantitative data was analysed using the chi‐square test, one sample T‐test and two sample Z‐proportions test, while qualitative data was analysed using content analysis. Results show that the residents reported being most affected by sulphur dioxide air emissions and noise pollution due to the proximity of the copper smelter and heavy moving machinery to their residences. The residents received domestic water containing rust and copper ore particles from the water utility company which draws raw water from the mine. Although the mine was a source of employment for locals, over 4,000 jobs (representing a 33% decrease) have been lost over a period of 4 years, negatively affecting the local economy. Mine management attributed the job losses to high production costs and mechanization of mining processes. The residents perceived the job losses to have led to crime, alcohol abuse and prostitution among youths as well as a general increase in poverty levels. Analysis of air emissions data from the mine found elevated levels of dust, cadmium, copper and lead pollutants. Key informants from Nchanga Mine reported implementing bioremediation to reduce soil contamination by the heavy metals and recycling SO₂ to produce sulphuric acid. The study recommends an increase in social corporate responsibility from the mine management to ensure residents derive more substantive benefits from their proximity to the mine.     

汽车回收中实施生产者责任延伸制手段研究

对废旧汽车的回收管理的研究一直是国内外汽车发展研究的重点之一。随着各国"生产者责任延伸制度"在汽车回收行业的实施,汽车回收利用管理工作进入了一个新的阶段。文章对生产者责任延伸制度的定义和责任内容进行了探讨,并分析了基于生产者责任延伸制度的汽车回收管理在国外的实施情况。探讨了在汽车回收管理中的生产者责任延伸制的实施手段。根据我国汽车回收的现状,并参照国外先进的经验,提出了在我国实行基于生产者责任延伸制度的汽车回收管理的具体对策。     

Producer responsibility for e-waste management: key issues for consideration - learning from the Swiss experience

E-waste, a relatively recent addition to the waste stream in the form of discarded electronic and electric equipment, is getting increasing attention from policy makers as the quantity being generated is rising rapidly. One of the most promising policy options to address this issue is to extend the producers responsibility for their products beyond the point of sale, until end-of-product-life. This paper briefly introduces the concept of extended producer responsibility (EPR) and its applicability in the area of the end-of-life management of electronic and electrical equipment (EEE). It then examines the decade-long experience of Switzerland in using EPR to manage its e-waste, elaborating on the experience of the Swiss system in overcoming specific issues, and finally wrapping up with a synopsis of the lessons for policy makers. We consider each issue as an enquiry of questions confronting a policy maker and the choices that may present themselves. The five issues discussed are: (i) the challenges in getting an EPR based system started; (ii) securing financing to ensure a self-sustaining and smooth functioning system; (iii) organising a logistics network for the take back and collection of the e-waste; (iv) ensuring compliance of the various actors involved; and finally (v) reducing the threat of monopolistic practices.     

Is legislation a barrier to the sustainable management of game species? A case study of wild deer in Britain

Wild game management for hunting in Western society has become increasingly complex as stakeholders have multiplied and as ‘sustainability’ influences the contemporary debate. This paper questions whether the current legal framework for game management, which has evolved from early European civilisations to focus on ‘hunting rights’, is relevant to regulate the contemporary environmental, social and economic dimensions of wild game and their management. Employing a narrative analysis to focus on deer, the study identifies key legislative tenets and highlights the pertinence of historical laws to contemporary conflicts. The analysis suggests that current legislation is increasingly divergent from contemporary trends and has created inertia with respect to sustainable deer management. The paper offers four options to redress this: state intervention; voluntary collaboration; financial incentives; and establishing a legal responsibility for management. It is concluded that significant innovation is required in one or more of these four areas to facilitate the contemporary sustainable management of wild deer in Britain.     

Adding public value: The limits of corporate responsibility

It is suggested that natural resource companies undertaking large-scale projects may be expanding the scope of corporate social responsibility by working to enhance the capabilities of the public sector. Naturally companies are concerned to protect their investments, and to ensure their viability. They will therefore invest in necessary infrastructure and facilities of all types, where those are lacking. Such investment often provides benefits to the wider community, but with a few exceptions these are normally incidental byproducts rather than inherent objectives. The motivation for companies to provide resources of all types in order to enhance the capabilities of the public sector to provide public services is usually an expectation is that the tangible benefits will exceed the costs, rather than altruism. One driving force is to secure and maintain a company's social licence to operate. More recently competition from Chinese firms is prompting private sector companies to offer comparable investments in infrastructure. It is unclear whether investment in public sector capabilities is cyclical and liable to cutbacks when market conditions deteriorate. Changing market conditions affect not just corporate willingness to spend but also host countries’ bargaining strengths. In boom periods host countries will be more able to secure straightforward financial benefits through higher tax receipts than when markets are weak. Beyond the specific needs of individual projects corporate policies are strongly influenced by the beliefs of senior managers. External pressures both from international institutions and from NGOs also drive corporate behaviour. The success of investment in public sector capabilities relies in the end on the responses of host countries, and on how closely the objectives and interests of the government are aligned with maximising the nation's long term wealth and welfare. Where they are not corporate resources may be frittered away. There are also questions over the legitimacy of corporate investments, especially by foreign-owned companies. They have a right to offer advice and protect their legitimate interests, but these may not always coincide with those of their host countries. There is a range of questions about the appropriate role of companies, which lead on to feasible and effective ways of improving weak governance.     

制度环境变迁与中国企业社会责任路径

摘要企业社会责任是指企业在创造利润、对股东利益负责的同时,还应承担对员工、社会和环境的责任,包括遵守商业道德、生产安全、职业健康、保护消费者合法权益、节约资源等.企业承担社会责任是企业为生存而适应制度环境变迁的产物.伴随着制度环境变迁,西方企业社会责任的发展经历了无意识期、启蒙期和成熟期三个阶段.建国以来,中国企业的制度环境经历计划经济体制和向市场经济体制转型时期,均出现了企业承担社会责任功能的“失范”,即计划经济时期的“企业办社会”和向市场经济转型时期下的凸显“经济人本性”.当前,企韭利益与社会利益矛盾的凸显和社会公平公正期望的提升,使企业社会责任问题在中国变得日益紧迫、上下关注.党发出了“科学发展”的号召.科学发展这一制度环境,是对中国企韭承担社会责任的期待.而中国企业社会责任的实现,则亟待制度化建设保证,即要求企业产权制度明晰化,企业社会责任法制化,企业社会责任评价体系科学化,企业社会责任信息披露制度化,企业社会责任监督主体多元化.