岩体锚固及安全保护试验研究--以库木吐拉千佛洞为例

岩体严重风化、垮塌和裂隙发育是库木吐拉千佛洞普遍存在的地质环境病害．风化岩体锚固机理的研究和灌浆材料的优选是对洞窟实施有效安全保护的关键。现场试验结果表明：锚固体的破坏产生于岩体与灌浆体的接触面．抗拔力与锚固长度无明显线性关系．存在最佳锚固参数；风化岩体具有良好的可灌性．实现裂隙灌浆的重点只在于材料性能的确定。笔者认为在此基础上进行保护施工必须综合考虑特定环境条件．充分比较材料的优劣．恰当地选择锚固技术和引用PS及PS复合材料。     

应用OCMA-220型油分仪测定水样中油含量在实际工作中的几个问题

ＯＣＭＡ－２２０型油分仪应用非散红外光谱法测定水样中油的含量，测定结果较稳定，准确度较高，在环境监测中应用广泛。实际操作中，水样中悬浮料粒子较多且萃取层与ＣＣＬ４层为乳化状态时，必须经滤纸过滤和无水Ｎａ２ＳＯ４脱水处理，才能进行测定。但经滤纸过滤和无水Ｎａ２ＳＯ４脱水处理后，空白值分别在５ｐｐｍ和１６ｐｐｍ以上，如果样品油含量较低时，产生的系统误差，将导致分析结果准确度降低。     

Innovative combined technique for high concentration of azo dye AR18 wastewater treatment using modified SBR and enhanced Fenton process as post treatment

The purpose of this research was to evaluate the performance of combined biological/advanced oxidation process (AOP) system for treatment of wastewater containing high concentration (500 mg/L) of azo dye Acid Red 18 (AR18). Two alternating anaerobic–aerobic sequencing batch reactors (SBR1 and SBR2 without and with external feeding at the beginning of aeration cycle, respectively) were operated. The effluent of the SBRs was then post treated through enhanced Fenton process (using zero-valent iron combined with ultrasonic irradiation). More than 90% and 97% of COD was removed in the combined SBR/AOP system without external carbon source (CTS1) and with external feeding (CTS2), respectively. The analysis of dye and its metabolites using UV–vis and HPLC analysis also proved that 99% of the original dye was decolorized and more than 89% of its metabolites were degraded through CST2 which is significantly higher than the reported values in the literature. Besides, more than 87% of phosphorus removal efficiency was obtained in CST2 compared to only 54.5% removal efficiency in CST1. Regarding the findings of this study, the proposed combined treatment system (CTS2) can be suggested as an effective technique for treatment of high azo dye AR18 concentration wastewater.     

室内火灾中外部燃烧现象的数值模拟

外部燃烧是室内火灾中火焰随烟气流出窗户并在窗户外燃烧的现象。外部燃烧会造成火势从初始着火的房间向其他房间或楼层蔓延,具有很大的危害性。本文应用美国国家标准技术局（NIST）开发的FDS程序,对外部燃烧现象进行了研究。首先对Bullen和Thomas的实验进行数值模拟,用以验证FDS对外部燃烧现象的模拟效果。在相近的燃料过量因子的条件下,计算得到的外部燃烧羽流的温度分布结果、外部燃烧火焰的高度和火焰距离窗户所在壁面的水平距离与Bullen和Thomas的实验结果符合得较好。之后,研究了不同窗户大小和不同燃料消耗率对外部燃烧的影响。最后,发现当燃料消耗率足够大致使室内燃料过量因子接近1时,室内火焰将会熄灭,燃料流出窗户形成的外部燃烧火焰会被拉长,火焰肾贴窗户外的壁面向上燃烧。     

Mutual effects between dynamic leakage behavior and the pressure/temperature in a LNG tank with external heat fluxes

The objective of this work is to investigate and model the mutual effects between the dynamic pressure/temperature in the LNG tank and the leakage behavior with external heat fluxes. The results suggest that the pressure and temperature in tank during leakage change with the comparison results between the heat flux consumed in liquid boil-off and the external heat flux supplied. At the liquid leakage stage, when the external heat flux is not very high, the pressure in tank tends to increase significantly, even results in tank explosion. It increases more and more heavily with higher and higher external heat fluxes. At the vapor leakage stage, large amount of vapor spray out, which results in a high generation rate of vapor by the liquid boil-off. The pressure in tank normally decreases to be low, which is unfavorable for the LNG tank explosion. Therefore, at this vapor leakage stage, blocking the leakage hole as soon as possible is not always a right choice for fire fighters. Finally, it is suggested that reducing the heat flux into the tank, either at the liquid leakage stage or in vapor one, is key to the tank safety.     

A GIS-based evaluation of the effect of decontamination on effective doses due to long-term external exposures in Fukushima

Despite the enormous cost of radiation decontamination, there has been almost no quantitative discussion on how much it would reduce the long-term external radiation exposure in the Evacuation Zone and Planned Evacuation Zone (restricted zone) in Fukushima. The aim of this study is to assess the effectiveness of decontamination and return options and to identify important parameters for estimating the long-term cumulated effective dose (CED) during 15, 30 and 70 year period using data on land-use, population and decontamination in the restricted zone (about 1100 km²) in Fukushima.     

青藏铁路运营后的西藏旅游业:机遇、威胁与发展对策

近年来西藏旅游业得到较快发展，但仍存在基础设施建设不足、环境破坏日益严重、旅游成本过高等一系列问题。我国对西藏旅游业的发展给予了高度重视，青藏铁路的全线运营给西藏旅游业发展带来了前所未有的机遇和动力，同时也对西藏的社会环境、生态环境构成了潜在的威胁，作者对此作了简要剖析并提出了对策建议。     

Sperm traits in the quacking frog (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Crinia georgiana</Emphasis>), a species with plastic alternative mating tactics

In species where males use alternative reproductive tactics and male phenotypes are confronted with different risks of sperm competition, theory predicts that between-male-type differences in sperm expenditure may evolve. In the frog Crinia georgiana big males can monopolize females, whereas small males often engage in polyandrous matings. Consequently, big males may experience a lower risk of sperm competition than do small males. We tested if the predictions from theoretical models can be applied to the mating system of C. georgiana. Our results showed that small males do not have larger testes relative to their body size compared to their larger counterparts and that the efficiency with which sperm number, size, motility, and longevity are produced by the testes does not differ between small and large males in the predicted way. These results are not in alignment with predictions from a loaded raffle model of sperm competition on sperm expenditure in males with alternative phenotypes. The plasticity in mating tactics used by C. georgiana males and a high intraseasonal variation in male densities may have prevented the evolution of enhanced sperm performance in smaller males. A fair raffle in the sperm competition game played by C. georgiana males could also explain the observed patterns in sperm traits. Future investigations determining the parameters responsible for the deviation from theoretical predictions in this system will test the degree to which current theoretical models can indeed be applied to species with plastic reproductive tactics.     

外循环三相流化床污水处理特性的研究

采用三相外循环生物流化床处理生活污水。该设备包含好氧区和缺氧区,可获得足够的停留时间造成缺氧条件,能保证有效去除NH3—N。实验在室温下进行,进水条件pH为7～8,CODCr为286-656mg／L,NH3-N为10～51mg／L。结果显示,控制水力停留时间在3h为宜,最佳通气量为0．09m^3／h,此时CODc和NH3-N的去除率分别达91％和96．6％,有较好的处理效果。同时实验确定了最佳膜厚为145μm。     

Towards a framework for assessment and management of cumulative human impacts on marine food webs

Effective ecosystem‐based management requires understanding ecosystem responses to multiple human threats, rather than focusing on single threats. To understand ecosystem responses to anthropogenic threats holistically, it is necessary to know how threats affect different components within ecosystems and ultimately alter ecosystem functioning. We used a case study of a Mediterranean seagrass (Posidonia oceanica) food web and expert knowledge elicitation in an application of the initial steps of a framework for assessment of cumulative human impacts on food webs. We produced a conceptual seagrass food web model, determined the main trophic relationships, identified the main threats to the food web components, and assessed the components’ vulnerability to those threats. Some threats had high (e.g., coastal infrastructure) or low impacts (e.g., agricultural runoff) on all food web components, whereas others (e.g., introduced carnivores) had very different impacts on each component. Partitioning the ecosystem into its components enabled us to identify threats previously overlooked and to reevaluate the importance of threats commonly perceived as major. By incorporating this understanding of system vulnerability with data on changes in the state of each threat (e.g., decreasing domestic pollution and increasing fishing) into a food web model, managers may be better able to estimate and predict cumulative human impacts on ecosystems and to prioritize conservation actions.