三江源区生态资源非使用价值评价

采用权变评价法评估了青海三江源区生态资源的非使用价值,并分析了其影响因素.结果表明,三江源区生态资源的非使用价值为453.06亿元/年,其中存在价值为236.36亿元/年,遗产价值为125.91亿元/年,选择价值为90.79亿元/年,人均支付意愿为76.30元/年.Logit模型和Tobit模型分析表明,对该区的了解程度、关注程度、重视程度、年龄、个人收入、教育程度等因素均影响其非使用价值评价.     

条件价值评估法本土化改进及其验证——来自武汉的实证研究

运用条件价值评估法(CVM)评估资源环境等非市场物品价值是近年来国外研究的热点问题。20世纪90年代后期,国内开始陆续出现以CVM评估非市场价值的研究案例,多数文献集中在该方法的应用层面。论文以武汉市耕地非市场价值评估为研究目标,紧密结合现实国情和武汉市的具体情况,针对耕地非市场价值内涵界定、WTP与WTA选择、价值评估影响人群界定、WTP累加、支付方式选择等多个技术环节展开探索性研究,结合实际对传统CVM理论模型进行了修正。CVM问卷调查分析表明,在论文所定义的耕地价值内涵下,具有武汉户籍农村居民的平均WTP为22d,耕地非市场价值为1523.83元/hm₂。     

Conjoint analysis for environmental evaluation

BACKGROUND, AIM AND SCOPE: Conjoint analysis and the related choice-modelling methods have been used for many years in marketing research to evaluate consumer behaviour and preferences for different kinds of product attributes. Recently, the number of applications in environmental science and management has started to grow. Conjoint analysis is found in many different forms, and the environmental studies evaluated in this review display the same range of methods as in other fields. The key characteristic of all these methods is that trade-offs are evaluated by jointly considering a number of important attributes. MAIN FEATURES: This paper is a review of the literature on environmental applications of conjoint analysis and assesses in which environmental area conjoint analysis has been most successful. The method and the design of the studies are reviewed as well. RESULTS: A total of 84 studies were found, dealing with environmental issues that were evaluated by conjoint analysis. The studies concern agriculture, ecosystem management, energy, environmental evaluation, forestry, land management, pollution, products, recreation, environmental risk analysis and waste management. DISCUSSION: Choice experiments seem to have a comparatively stronger position in environmental studies than elsewhere. Most of the environmental applications are related to natural resource management. This is somewhat surprising, but a number of reports have appeared also on product evaluation, which could be a key application area in the future. CONCLUSIONS: Compared to marketing and transportation, the number of environmental conjoint studies is rather small but increasing, and the method has proven to work effectively in eliciting preferences on environmental issues. In environmental issues, experimenters often use choice experiments, especially concerning ecosystem management and environmental evaluations. When it comes to evaluating preferences concerning agriculture, forestry, energy and products, a more traditional approach of conjoint analysis is favoured. RECOMMENDATIONS AND PERSPECTIVES: Two new areas of application are identified in this review--environmental communication and expert elicitation. Conjoint analysis can thus be developed into a useful instrument for environmental risk analysis and communication, both of which are necessary for an efficient approach to risk governance.     

Residents’ Willingness to Pay for Improving Air Quality in Jinan, China

Along with the progress of urbanization and environ- mental deterioration, residents’ desire for improved air quality is increasing. In order to quantify an individual’s willingness-to-pay (WTP) for improved air quality in Jinan of eastern China, a contingent valuation method (CVM) was employed. A sample of 1,500 residents was chosen on the basis of multistage sampling methods with face-to-face interviews by using a series of hypo-thetical, open-ended scenario questions which were designed to elicit the respondents’ WTP. Results showed that 59.7% of respondents were able to express their WTP and the mean WTP is 100 Chinese Yuan (CNY) per person per year. A probit model on the probability of a positive WTP and a regression model were developed to find the relationship between endogenous variables and WTP. Most parameters in the econometric analysis had the expected sign. Annual household income and expenditure on treating respiratory diseases significantly influence WTP. The rates of positive WTP and the monetary amount are larger for men than for women. Results also showed that people who lived in more polluted areas were willing to pay more for clean air. Unlike developed countries, clean air may only be considered as a public good in China in that more than 40% of respondents had no incen- tive to bear the costs of attempting to achieve better air quality, which indicates the relatively low environmental consciousness.     

广东省耕地地力等级研究与评价

广东省耕地地力等级研究与评价工作根据《全国耕地类型区、耕地地力等级划分》标准为依据，以土种为评价单元，采用的方法有归纳法、限制因素法、专家经验法，建立了省级土种数据库、耕地地力评价指标体系，并对各等级耕地进行面积统计、科学评价。研究结果表明，广东省水稻田地力等级分为八个等级，以一至四等为主，占水稻田总面积的87．1％；一、二等的水稻田占水稻田总面积的32．3％，是高产稳产农田；三至八等水稻田占水稻田总面积的67．7％，是粮食生产的主要基地，也是主要的中低产水稻田。必须针对后者的障碍因素，因地制宜采取不同的改良措施，加强改造，提高地力。旱地地力分为九个等级，全省高产旱地比例较低，一至四等旱地只占旱地总面积的7．9％，五至八等旱地占旱地总面积的73．79％，是经济作物和水果的主要生产基地。低产的旱地在田间管理上必须重视施用有机肥，增加土壤粘粒，培肥地力，提高作物产量，促进农业生产的发展。     

Biophysical energy analyses of non-market values of the Ebro Delta

Non-market values were estimated with energy analysis under four land cover scenarios in the Ebro Delta, Spain. The market value of agriculture, the primary use value, is compared. Conversion of the natural landscape to agricultural fields has resulted in a drop in total annual non-market value from $721 million in the pristine scenario to $11 million in the present scenario. The market value of the agricultural crops has risen over time, from $10 million to almost $52 million, contributing the major portion of the total value of the Delta. However, the rate of return has decreased from the pristine to the present delta, indicating that more energy is required to produce a smaller output. Energy analyses reveal that one form of value—non-market value—is being traded for another—market value.     

可持续发展战略下的环境经济评价程序和方法

首先分析了我国开展环境经济评价的必要性 ,提出以传统环境影响评价为载体 ,进行环境经济评价是贯彻实施我国可持续发展战略的一种有效的操作途径。然后构建了区域可持续发展指标体系 ,并针对不同的可持续发展指标提供了不同的环境经济评价方法 ,最后提出了开展新型环境经济评价的程序。     

‘Benefit–Cost Analysis’ Of Disaster Mitigation: Application As a Policy And Decision-Making Tool

Many proponents of disaster mitigation claim that it offers potential benefits in terms of saved lives and property far exceeding its costs. To provide evidence for this, and to justify the use of public funds, agencies involved in mitigation can use benefit–cost analysis (BCA). Such analysis, if well done, offers a testable, defensible means of evaluating and comparing projects, helps decision-makers choose between mitigation projects, and provides a means to assess the way we spend public funds. In this critical overview of the more contentious issues and latest developments in BCA, I emphasize the pragmatic choices that one can make in accordance with good practice in project evaluation.     

生命价值：无需回避评估

治理环境污染的主要效益是健康效益，即降低发病率和死亡率，但治理污染要消耗稀缺资源（经济成本）。在涉及污染与健康的环境费用效益分析中，社会必须权衡经济收入与生命价值，估价生命价值有４种方法：人力资本法、工资隐含价格法，防护费用法和实验评价法，可以从不同途径评估中国人生命价值。     

交通噪声污染经济损失估算方法比较研究

目前闷内外对于噪声污染经济损失的研究还相当有限，且采用的方法也存在很大的差别。运用环境经济学的观点和方法，提出了估算噪声污染损失的3种常用方法；损害费用法、意愿型调查评估法和防护费用法，并对其进行了比较研究。