JEEM and Non-market Valuation: 1974–1998

This paper considers whether the Journal of Environmental Economics and Management (JEEM) has had impact on the development and applications of the methods used to estimate economic values for non-marketed environmental resources. Journal editors control the research dialogue in a discipline and as a result have the potential to influence its scope and direction. At least four areas of research have been influenced by JEEM, the theory and practice of contingent valuation, the use of preference restrictions in valuation, the development and application of corner solution models, and the role of substitution between environmental resources for valuation.     

基于条件价值法的行业生态补偿标准的确定——以福建省宁德市石材行业生态补偿为例

生态补偿标准的确定是生态补偿机制建立的难点和重点,在资金供给不足的情况下,做好影响环境质量的关键行业的生态补偿工作尤为重要.因此,本文提出了应用条件价值法确定行业生态补偿标准的思路,并以福建省宁德市敖江流域石材行业为例进行了实证研究.结果显示:2010年福州市民对敖江饮用水安全保障的平均支付意愿为0.21元·t-1自来水,福州市居民愿以自来水费的方式提供3066万元的资金用于敖江饮用水的生态补偿工作.以宁德市石材行业的总产值占宁德市当年GDP总值的百分比(14.4%)作为石材行业生态补偿资金分配的权重,则2010年宁德市石材行业的生态补偿标准为441.50万元.     

Research of the Response of Ecosystem to LUCC in Miyun County,Beijing: Based on Ecosystem Services Valuation

Abstract

Miyun County, located in the northeast of Chinese capital Beijing, was underwent remarkable variations in land use in recent years. This paper aimed to detect changes in land use of Miyun from 1997 to 2005, and to qualify the response of ecosystem to LUCC based on ecosystem services valuation. With two-periods TM images, we got land use change data, and then ecosystem services values were calculated using ecosystem services valuation coefficients proposed by Chinese scholar Xie Gaodi. Results showed that water area, farm land and unused land decreased while residential land, forest land, grassland and orchard land increased during the study period. The loss of ESV was RMB 206 million and the main reason was the decrease of water area and farm land area. As for spatial variation, there were most dramatically land use change and ESV decline in reservoir ecological protection region. The coefficient sensitivity analysis indicates that valuation coefficients used in the study are suitable and results are reasonable. The driving forces of ESV loss were rapid population growth and economic development. More work should be done to make eco-environment stay healthy.     

Biophysical energy analyses of non-market values of the Ebro Delta

Non-market values were estimated with energy analysis under four land cover scenarios in the Ebro Delta, Spain. The market value of agriculture, the primary use value, is compared. Conversion of the natural landscape to agricultural fields has resulted in a drop in total annual non-market value from $721 million in the pristine scenario to $11 million in the present scenario. The market value of the agricultural crops has risen over time, from $10 million to almost $52 million, contributing the major portion of the total value of the Delta. However, the rate of return has decreased from the pristine to the present delta, indicating that more energy is required to produce a smaller output. Energy analyses reveal that one form of value—non-market value—is being traded for another—market value.     

环境物品的经济价值评估方法:条件价值法

系统地介绍了西方国家常用的１种评价环境物品（公共物品）的方法——条件价值法。在大量文献和作者已有研究的基础上,解释了环境物品的特征和价值含义,综述了条件价值法的概念、特点和总体框架内容,分析了该方法中出现的偏差类型,总结了该方法在国际国内的已有应用,提出其应用潜力和应用前景     

FROM FLOW TO FISH TO DOLLARS: AN INTEGRATED APPROACH TO WATER ALLOCATION1

This paper details a case study of economic and natural system responses to alternative water management policies in the Cache La Poudre River basin, Colorado, 1980–1994. The case study is presented to highlight the value and application of a conceptual integration of economic, salmonid population, physical habitat, and water allocation models. Five alternative regimes, all intended to increase low winter flows, were investigated. Habitat enhancements created by alternative regimes were translated to population responses and economic benefits. Analysis concluded that instream flows cannot compete on the northern Colorado water rental market; cooperative agreements offer an economically feasible way to enhance instream flows; and establishing an instream flow program on the Cache La Poudre River mainstem is a potentially profitable opportunity. The alliance of models is a dynamic multidisciplinary tool for use in professional settings and offers valuable insight for decision-making processes involved in water management.     

滨海新区湿地生态系统服务功能价值评估

滨海新区湿地类型多样,作为滨海新区生态环境与景观生态的基质,对其区域生态、景观生态及经济发展具有重要影响。以滨海新区湿地为研究对象,在实地调查的基础上,综合采用市场价值法、影子工程法、条件价值法等评估方法,对其生态系统服务功能价值进行估算。结果表明,滨海新区湿地生态系统服务功能价值为4 276.77亿元,其中直接使用价值、间接使用价值和非使用价值分别为412 594万元、40 411 851万元和1 943 256万元。因此,滨海新区湿地对维持当地可持续发展具有举足轻重的作用,在滨海新区湿地资源管理和开发利用的过程中,应充分发挥湿地资源的生态功能,促进区域经济的可持续发展。     

改善空气质量健康效益的非市场价值评估

采用目前美国国家海洋局(NOAA)推荐的双边界二分式条件价值评估方法,对北京市空气质量改善产生的健康效益进行评估.对北京市城八区居民共发放880份调查问卷,调查居民对通过改善空气质量进而使健康免受危害计划的最大支付意愿.结果表明:未来5年内北京市居民每户的平均最大支付意愿为652.33元/a,居民健康总经济效益现值为61.08×108～75.41×108元;支付意愿影响因素分析表明,支付意愿与居民家庭经济状况、受教育程度、健康状况有正向关系,男性比女性的支付意愿高.分析结果与经济学原理相符,该评估的可靠性得以验证.      

自然资源与环境价值评估:条件估值法及应用原则探讨

自然资源与环境价值评估是当前环境经济学的研究热点,条件估值法C(VM)在国外经过近40年的发展已较为完善并已成为自然资源和环境价值评估的主要技术方法之一。但由于缺少一套完备的原则框架加以指导,国内具体实证研究存在不同的问题和困惑。论文系统回顾了条件价值法的国内外主要研究进展,基于国际上已建立的CVM原则并结合我国自然资源与环境价值评估的实际情形,提出了当前国内CVM研究可供遵循的9条建议性原则,涉及问卷设计与预调查、调查实施、数据分析和费用效益分析等各步骤。以此为基础对国内CVM价值评估研究存在的一些问题作了初步探讨。最后指出,环境资源价值评估CVM研究需要遵循的原则和注意的问题,可能还不止于所建原则,具体操作过程可能需要适时适地地调整并需要继续完善。     

生态系统服务价值非货币量核算:理论框架与方法学

1997年两个开创性的著作,即Gretchen Daily主编的Nature’s Services:Societal Dependence on Natural Ecosystems一书及同年Robert Costanza在Nature上发表的The Value of the World’s Ecosystem Services and Natural Capital,引发了关于生态资本和生态系统服务、政策等研究的热潮。中国近几年来也将生态文明建设提到了前所未有的高度,并提出了一系列以生态系统服务价值核算为前提的制度和措施。基于此,本研究首先综述了现有生态系统服务分类体系及其存在的不足,剖析了现有核算生态系统服务价值的两类方法,即货币量方法和非货币量方法的核心差异点与可能的融合点,构建了基于能值分析方法和融合货币量核算方法的非货币量生态系统服务功能的新的核算框架,包括:(1)重新分类了生态系统服务价值,即直接价值(增加NPP、固碳释氧、增加土壤、补给地下水/涵养水源、提供水源水电和农产品等)、间接价值(净化大气、水、土壤、人畜排泄物和减少水土流失/侵蚀等)和存在价值(调节气候、调蓄水量、调节径流、旅游休闲、文化教育、维持生物多样性等)三大类;(2)确立了各类生态系统服务价值的核算方法体系;(3)厘清了核算中的加和原则等,以避免重复计算。该理论和方法学是解决现有生态系统服务价值核算方法不足的尝试和完整的方法论构建。