邓小平对毛泽东中国现代化发展目标的继承与超越

邓小平与毛泽东的现代化发展目标是一脉相承的，但邓小平对毛泽东的现代化发展目标又进行了超越，他继承了毛泽东的现代化思想及分步骤进行现代化建设的设想，扩展了现代化的内涵，提出了分“三步”实现现代化的科学构想，从而促进了中国现代化的发展。     

Survival,reproduction, and recruitment of woody plants after 14 years on a reforested landfill

With the advent of modern sanitary landfill closure techniques, the opportunity exists for transforming municipal landfills into urban woodlands. While costs of fullscale reforestation are generally prohibitive, a modest planting of clusters of trees and shrubs could initiate or accelerate population expansions and natural plant succession from open field to diverse forest. However, among woody species that have been screened for use on landfills, these ecological potentials have not yet been investigated. We examined a 14-yr-old landfill plantation in New Jersey, USA, established to test tolerance of 19 species of trees and shrubs to landfill environments. We measured survivorship, reproduction, and recruitment within and around the experimental installation. Half of the original 190 plants were present, although survival and growth rates varied widely among species. An additional 752 trees and shrubs had colonized the plantation and its perimeter, as well as 2955 stems of vines. However, the great majority (>95%) of woody plants that had colonized were not progeny of the planted cohort, but instead belonged to 18 invading species, mostly native, bird-dispersed, and associated with intermediate stages of secondary plant succession. Based on this evidence, we recommend that several ecological criteria be applied to choices of woody species for the restoration of municipal landfills and similar degraded sites, in order to maximize rapid and economical establishment of diverse, productive woodlands.     

Chaotic dynamics in a multispecies community

Environmental and Ecological Statistics - It is shown that community dynamics is neither haphazard nor completely directed. This is quite clear from our examination of a concrete example where...     

Role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on the performance of floodplain Phragmites japonica under nutrient stress condition

A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the potential effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on growth, nutrient uptake, and inoculation effectiveness on Phragmites japonica. Spores of AMF strains (Gigaspora margarita Becker &; Hall) were collected from the commercial product ‘Serakinkon’. Four treatments, namely, natural soil (NS), natural soil inoculated by AM fungi, sterilised soil (SS) inoculated by AM fungi, and SS without AM fungi inoculation were selected to determine the effects of applied and indigenous AMF on P. japonica. The average colonisation level of P. japonica was 24–33%, whereas no colonisation was found in the SS. AMF colonisation increased the chlorophyll content (r?=?0.84, p?r?=?0.89, p?相似文献   

季风常绿阔叶林演替系列菌根资源及其与群落多样性的关系

随着森林生态系统的正向演替,植物物种多样性、群落结构、生产力以及土壤条件均会发生显著的变化,这些变化对菌根类型和多样性会产生不同程度的影响。为了探讨群落结构和功能的变化对菌根资源可能产生的影响,选择季风常绿阔叶林及其演替系列上的代表性森林生态系统为对象,对菌根化根系、菌根类型和菌根真菌孢子密度进行调查,并结合已有的群落信息和土壤养分状况,分析在森林演替过程中菌根资源的变化情况和可能的影响因素。结果表明:季风常绿阔叶林各演替阶段的森林生态系统中菌根化比例接近70%,但不同演替阶段森林的优势菌根类型存在明显的差异。处于演替初期的马尾松(Pinus massoniana)林以丛枝菌根为主,占菌根总数的78%;演替中期的针阔叶混交林中的外生菌根占有绝对优势,占75%,是丛枝菌根的3倍;演替顶级的季风常绿阔叶林中的外生菌根和丛枝菌根的比例相当。马尾松林的菌根真菌孢子密度最高,每20 g风干土壤中的孢子数量高达2 925个,是针阔叶混交林的2.5倍,季风常绿阔叶林的2倍。演替系列上的森林生态系统的菌根类型的差异与植物物种多样性和群落结构,尤其是林下的灌木、草本层密度存在一定的相关性,同时也受土壤养分状况的影响。马尾松林具有较丰富的草本植物和较高的草本层密度,并且该森林的土壤相对贫瘠,这些条件都有利于丛枝菌根真菌侵染草本植物的根系形成丛枝菌根并产生大量孢子。针阔叶混交林中外生菌根的优势主要受该森林中外生菌根植物在群落组成上的绝对优势影响。季风常绿阔叶林的物种丰富,群落结构复杂,因此该森林呈现了两种类型菌根优势相当的现象。该文的结果表明,随着季风常绿阔叶林演替的进行,菌根资源在类型上会出现较大的分异,而这种变化受植物物种数量、群落结构的影响,与土壤养分状况存在一定的关系,并且不同演替阶段森林生态系统影响菌根组成的因素存在差异。     

疏勒河中下游绿洲胡杨种群结构与动态研究

通过在疏勒河中下游天然胡杨林区设置7个样方6.852 4 hm²,采用相邻格子法和动态数量值,分析胡杨种群的结构与动态特征。结果表明:中下游及不同生境胡杨种群年龄结构差异显著。中游幼苗缺失,幼树不多,中树最多,占总数的72.15%,大树较多,老树甚少,年龄结构呈正态分布型,林分年轻、稠密、高大,每公顷胡杨总数是下游的13.45倍。下游幼苗缺失,幼树极少,中树较多,大树最多,大、老树占总数的62.54%,年龄结构呈倒金字塔型,林分偏老,稀疏、矮小。中下游均为衰退种群。胡杨种群存活曲线基本接近Deevey I型,为下降种群;且存活率幼、中树高于大、老树,中游明显高于下游。种群数量动态计算表明,幼、中树动态量值为负值,大树、老树为正值,但胡杨总体表现为衰退的结构动态关系。总之,研究区胡杨未来因幼苗缺乏而趋于衰退演替,且下游衰退演替的速度更快。     

茂兰喀斯特植被演替中土壤微生物量碳氮研究

选取茂兰自然保护区4种植被类型(原生林、次生林、灌木林和草地),采集0～15 cm的表层土样,探讨了土壤微生物量碳(Bc)、土壤微生物量氮(BN)的变化特征及其与土壤理化特性之间的关系.研究发现:(1)样区内生态系统在正向演替中(草地→灌木林→次生林→原生林),Bc、BN含量总体表现为逐渐增大,并且冬季最高,夏季最低,...     

内蒙古草原退化群落恢复演替规律的仿真

文章用细胞自动机研究群落的演替过程。根据从1983年围封内蒙古典型草原后连续11年定位监测的数据,建立了一个描述在过大牧压下退化的典型草原植物群落封育后恢复演替的模型。用计算机对模型进行仿真,仿真的结果符合实测群落恢复演替的动态趋势,从而验证了建模时所提出假设的正确性。进而用这一模型模拟草原的退化过程,深化对草原退化和恢复演替的机理的认识。     

人工生物结皮的发育演替及表土持水特性研究

为了解接种蓝藻对荒漠地区表土持水特性的改善作用,对库布齐沙漠东缘达拉特旗地区人工接种蓝藻后形成的生物结皮进行了发育演替及持水特性研究.结果表明,在人工接种荒漠蓝藻之后,藻结皮能够很快形成,并在一些微环境下藻结皮直接演替为藓结皮(接种2~3 a后).随着结皮的发育演替,表土生物量、多糖含量、厚度以及孔隙度增加,而土壤容重减小;同时,形成结皮之后表土质地也发生了明显的变化,其中沙粒含量逐渐减少,粉粒、黏粒含量增加.实验还发现随着结皮的发育演替,表土含水量与饱和持水量都呈增加的趋势,即:藓结皮>藻结皮>流沙,藻结皮中的含水量(饱和持水量)为流沙中的1.1~1.3倍,藓结皮中的含水量(饱和持水量)为流沙中的1.8~2.2倍.相关分析表明表土含水量及饱和持水量与表土生物量、多糖含量、厚度、容重、粉粒和黏粒含量呈正相关,与表土孔隙度和沙粒含量呈负相关.通过逐步回归分析发现影响含水量的主要因素为表土黏粒的含量,而影响饱和持水量的主要因素为表土孔隙度.     

宁夏荒漠草原恢复演替过程中物种多样性与生产力的变化

荒漠草原一直是生态学者关注的焦点。文章以宁夏灵武的荒漠草原区为研究对象,对围栏条件下退化群落的物种多样性、生产力和群落演替及其生态机制进行探讨,为荒漠草原的植被恢复和重建提供理论基础。结果表明:群落生产力除受物种多样性的影响外,也受物种本身特征和环境资源的影响。在荒漠草原中功能群盖度与群落初级生产力无显著的相关关系。荒漠植物群落物种多样性指数在时间尺度上的变化表现为随着围栏时间的延续逐渐增加,而生态优势度变化趋势则相反。在不同年份年降水量直接影响植物群落物种数的多少、丰富度和生产力。