Changes in Species Diversity of Rove Beetles (Coleoptera,Staphylinidae) Depending on the Age of Pine Plantations in Central Belarus

Trends of changes in species richness and dominance in staphylinid communities depending on the age of pine plantations have been analyzed. The species richness of these communities is high in the plantations of age classes 1 and 2 (11 and 28 years, respectively) but decreases in the plantations of age class 3 (60 years). The highest and lowest indices of species diversity are observed in the plantations of age classes 2 and 3, respectively. Four groups of rove beetles have been distinguished by the criterion of their dominance in pine plantations of different ages.__________Translated from Ekologiya, No. 4, 2005, pp. 306–313.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Derunkov.     

Changes in wet meadow vegetation after 20 years of different management in a field experiment (North-West Germany)

Conservation and restoration of semi-natural wet grasslands often suffer from poor knowledge on successional pathways of respective habitats under different mowing treatments to derive profound management concepts. In this study, we present the results of a 20-year experiment in six semi-natural wet grassland sites in NW Germany including mowing with and without fertilizer addition and fallow. Succession was recorded by permanent plots. The studied wet grassland communities responded quite similar under equal management. Fallow resulted in the most significant changes in floristic and functional composition facilitating highly competitive rushes and tall forbs. The changes were more pronounced the more the experimental management treatment differed from the former use. For all mowing treatments without fertilizer application, we still observed directed changes in the floristic composition even after 20 years. In particular mowing twice led to a shift in floristic composition towards stress-tolerant plants with low nutrient demands, which was paralleled by decreasing productivity and strongly diminishing Ellenberg nutrient values. Our results documented that restoration of low-yielding target communities by regular mowing is possible – even in an area with high atmospheric nitrogen inputs. However, our results also show that succession did not come to an end even after 20 years, most obviously due to the continuous but very slow immigration and spread of new species.     

Sequential impacts of Polynesian and European settlement on vegetation and environmental processes recorded in sediments at Whangapoua Estuary, Great Barrier Island, New Zealand

Whangapoua Estuary, Great Barrier Island, New Zealand, is central to a proposed Marine Reserve, and is currently managed for conservation by the Department of Conservation. This paper describes the sequential impacts of Maori and European people on the process of estuarine vegetation succession in time and space, and the rate of estuarine sedimentation. Multiple cores from one estuary gave confidence in assessing the temporal sequence of vegetation change, but bioturbation and other disturbance factors made it difficult to interpret ¹⁴C dates from the estuarine environment. The modern vegetation zonation pattern on the estuary is an active succession, which has been generated by rapid estuary in-filling, probably initiated as a consequence of erosion following Maori burning of the adjacent forest. European forest clearance for agriculture resulted in a further increase in estuarine sedimentation, and may have re-activated earlier sediments trapped in adjacent swamps. The combined effects of two phases of human exploitation have resulted in large-scale loss of nutrients and top-soil from catchments throughout Great Barrier Island. Conservation management of the estuary should take account of the anthropogenic impacts that have driven the plant succession and created the current vegetation zonation pattern. This pattern is neither static nor ‘natural’, but rather an on-going response to the changing human activities in the surrounding catchment.     

洞庭湖洲滩地年淹水天数和面积变化

研究了洞庭湖洲滩地年淹水天数和面积变化。利用洞庭湖代表性水文站1952~2000年的逐日水位资料,分析了洞庭湖洲滩地的多年平均淹水时间（天数）。结合20世纪70年代和90年代不同水位时相卫星图像的解译数据,通过插入法和相关分析,得出了20世纪70和90年代不同淹水天数的洲滩地面积。结果表明,区内不同区域变化各异,东洞庭湖不同淹水天数的洲滩地均减少,南洞庭湖中位的洲滩地增加,但高位和低位洲滩地减少,西洞庭湖不同淹水天数的洲滩地均增加。表明东洞庭湖在70~90年代发生了逆向演替,南洞庭湖以正向演替为主,西洞庭湖发生了正向演替。为此,提出中低位洲滩地不宜发展杨树,获、芦生产的重点应该逐步地由东洞庭湖向西、南洞庭湖转移。     

山东近海黄海段营养盐结构对初级生产力的影响研究

于2006年8月(夏季)、2006年12月(冬季)、2007年4月(春季)、2007年10月(秋季)对山东近海黄海段的初级生产力和营养盐结构进行了调查.结果显示:(1)调查海域初级生产力的年平均值为438 mg/(m(2)·d),并呈现出"春季>夏季>秋季>冬季"的变化趋势;调查海区的营养盐结构表现出明显的季节分化:春...     

饮用水源人工湿地运行初期水生植物繁衍研究

研究了大规模的城市饮用水源人工湿地运行初期水生植物繁衍特性和改进措施.建立了嘉兴市石臼漾生态湿地水生维管束植物名录,分析了水生植物的种类、分布面积、群落结构和生物量,目的旨在揭示石臼漾湿地运行初期其水生植物繁衍情况和群落结构特征,探讨水生植被的优化管理措施.石臼漾湿地现存水生维管束植物共计25科41属49种,远超过初始...     

城市污水管网中产甲烷菌的分布特性规律

实验通过一套1 200 m的PVC管式反应器来模拟城市污水管网,利用气相色谱法、液相色谱法和454高通量测序等手段,研究了城市污水管网中产甲烷过程中的物质变化和产甲烷菌分布特性规律.结果表明,管网中甲烷含量沿程升高,说明管网中存在产甲烷菌;产甲烷菌主要包含甲烷八叠球菌属(Methanosarcina)、广古菌门中的菌属(Euryarchaeota_unclassified)和甲烷杆菌科中的菌属(Methanobacteriaceae_unclassified)这3种优势菌属,且在管网800~1 000 m处有广古菌门中的菌属(Euryarchaeota_unclassified)取代甲烷八叠球菌属(Methanosarcina)成为第一优势菌属的演替现象;管网中产甲烷可利用基质有甲酸、甲醇、甲胺、乙酸,其中乙酸为主要基质,这些基质在管网中先增加后降低的变化趋势导致了管网中产甲烷菌演替现象的发生.     

2015~2020年洪泽湖浮游植物群落结构及其环境影响因子

洪泽湖是南水北调东线工程的重要调蓄湖泊,在气候调节、防洪防汛等方面起着重要的作用.为研究洪泽湖浮游植物群落结构演替及与环境因子的关系,了解“十年禁渔”前洪泽湖生态系统状况,于2015～2020年进行了逐月监测.研究期间,总氮(TN)年平均浓度从2017年之后呈显著下降趋势,总磷(TP)和化学需氧量(COD)总体呈下降趋势,水温无明显变化趋势,水深和透明度从2015～2018年上升,之后显著下降.调查期间共鉴定有浮游植物8门102属310种,浮游植物优势门类主要包括绿藻门和硅藻门,其次为蓝藻门和甲藻门.主要优势属为栅藻(Scenedesmus)、直链藻(Aulacoseira)、隐藻(Cryptomonas)、小环藻(Cyclotella)、四角藻(Tetraedron)、微囊藻(Microcystis)和长孢藻(Dolichospermum).非度量多维尺度分析方法(NMDS)表明,洪泽湖浮游植物群落结构组成在不同年份、不同季节和不同采样区域有显著差异,其变化主要是浮游植物的优势种属间再分配.NMDS分析结果显示,洪泽湖浮游植物群落结构变化与水温、 TN、 TP、水深和透明度等因素有关...     

冀东铁矿2种恢复模式植被演替过程中群落结构及生物多样性比较研究

油松（Pinus tabulaeformis）耐低温、干旱和贫瘠,是我国北方温性针叶林中分布最广的森林群落,也是我国北方广大地区最主要的本土造林树种之一,火炬（Rhus typhina Linn.）根萌蘖力强,耐寒、耐旱、耐盐碱,是一种适应周围环境能力极强的外来引入种树种。采用空间代替时间的方法,以冀东铁矿不同年份种植的人工火炬林和人工油松林群落为研究对象,采用样方法进行调查取样,分析了2种恢复模式不同演替阶段群落结构的变化,群落动态,同时采用Pielou均匀度指数、Margalef丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数分析了物种多样性在群落演替过程中的动态变化,在此基础上,对比分析了2种恢复模式在生态效益方面的优劣。主要结果如下：1）短期来看,火炬可以迅速提高植被盖度,增加生物量,但是,长期来看,随着火炬的快速萌集繁殖和林分的郁闭,林下草本急剧减少,形成火炬单优群落,而不能形成稳定的顶级群落。2）短期来看,油松生长缓慢,其生态效益远小于火炬群落,但是油松群落经过11年的演替形成了乔-灌-草3层结构,群落结构逐渐完善。3）演替初期火炬群落优势种以猪毛蒿（Artemisia scoparia）、狗尾草（Setaria viridis）等耐干旱的植物为主,演替后期林下物种迅速减少以至大量消失;油松群落经过11年的恢复,群落草本层植物种数逐渐增大,从一年生先锋植物占优势过渡到以白羊草（Bothriochloa ischaemun）和硬质早熟禾（Poa sphondylodes）为建群种,并出现了黄刺玫（Rosa xanthina）和胡枝子（Lespedeza bicolor）等多年生灌木。4）演替初期Margalef丰富度指数、Pielou均匀度指数和Shannon-Wiener指数表现为：火炬群落﹥油松群落,演替后期则相反,这主要是由群落内种间竞争关系和水热环境的差异造成。4）综合植物群落盖度、物种多样性和群落未来的演替趋势,火炬长期的生态效益远不及油松树种。     

衡阳紫色土丘陵坡地自然恢复过程中微生物量碳动态变化

以典型的衡阳紫色土丘陵坡地植被不同恢复阶段为研究对象,采用空间代替时间序列方法,选用立地条件基本相似的裸荒地、草本群落、灌木群落和乔木群落等4类典型样地,分别代表群落演替进程中4个不同的演替阶段,通过调查取样和实验分析,探索不同演替阶段土壤微生物量碳（MBC）的大小与活性。结果表明：（1）土壤有机碳（SOC）与MBC呈先下降后增大的趋势,其差异在各演替阶段达显著水平（P〈0．05）,SOC与MBC呈现显著正相关关系（P〈0．05）;（2）微生物熵（MQ）与代谢熵（qC02）呈显著负相关关系（P〈0．05）,随着演替的进行,MQ整体上呈现出下降趋势,各演替阶段其值的差异达显著水平（P〈0．05）;（3）MQ与MBC呈极显著负相关（P〈0．01）,并随着演替的进行,呈现出先升后降的变化趋势,各演替阶段qCO2的差异达显著水平（P〈0．05）;（4）在演替初期,土壤有效基质逐渐降低,而在演替后期有效基质不断增加,此有利于SOC与MBC的提高,有利于土壤肥力的提高。研究结果将丰富该地区植物生态学与恢复生态学的内容,为衡阳紫色土丘陵坡地生态系统的恢复与重建提供了重要依据。