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I. V. Emelyanova G. E. Donald D. J. Miron D. A. Henry M. G. Garner 《Environmental Modeling and Assessment》2009,14(4):449-465
A probabilistic Bayesian method called weights of evidence (WofE) was used to develop a synthetic dataset of cattle farm locations at a national scale across Australia. The synthetic
dataset was required for the modelling of livestock movements with a view to assessing biosecurity implications. The WofE method is based on the analysis of spatial relationships between evidential patterns with respect to an event, such
as the actual location of a farm. The evidential patterns of cattle farms were derived from maps of land use, land tenure,
drainage systems, roads, settlements and long-term averaged rainfall. These evidential patterns were used for delineating
and ranking land areas suitable for cattle farming. For each evidential pattern statistics such as a positive weight, a negative weight and a contrast were calculated for estimating the degree of correlation between the evidential patterns and known farm locations. The integrated
evidential patterns of known farms were then used for estimating posterior probabilities and splitting land into five different
classes according to its suitability for farming.
相似文献
I. V. EmelyanovaEmail: |
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Drouet JL Capian N Fiorelli JL Blanfort V Capitaine M Duretz S Gabrielle B Martin R Lardy R Cellier P Soussana JF 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2011,159(11):3156-3161
Modelling complex systems such as farms often requires quantification of a large number of input factors. Sensitivity analyses are useful to reduce the number of input factors that are required to be measured or estimated accurately. Three methods of sensitivity analysis (the Morris method, the rank regression and correlation method and the Extended Fourier Amplitude Sensitivity Test method) were compared in the case of the CERES-EGC model applied to crops of a dairy farm. The qualitative Morris method provided a screening of the input factors. The two other quantitative methods were used to investigate more thoroughly the effects of input factors on output variables. Despite differences in terms of concepts and assumptions, the three methods provided similar results. Among the 44 factors under study, N2O emissions were mainly sensitive to the fraction of N2O emitted during denitrification, the maximum rate of nitrification, the soil bulk density and the cropland area. 相似文献
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利用新湖农场1998—2007年气象、社会、经济资料及实测植被、土壤数据,分析了近10年来防沙治沙情况,并选取定量、定性指标,建立效益评估模型,对植物治沙产生效益进行评估。结果表明:植被覆盖率由1990年1.63%提高到2007年5.37%,植物种类、土壤碱解N、速效P随栽植年限增加而上升,沙化面积比例由1990年的2.90%减少到2006年的0.59%,风沙天气由1998年的27次减少到2007年的4次;农场土地利用结构得到优化,人均林草面积由1990年人均0.02hm2增加到2006年0.15hm2。 相似文献
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Kathleen F. Carlson Author Vitae Susan G. Gerberich Author Vitae Author Vitae Ann S. Masten Author Vitae Author Vitae John M. Shutske Author Vitae Author Vitae Colleen M. Renier Author Vitae 《Journal of Safety Research》2009,40(2):97-103
Problem
Children on family agricultural operations have high risk of injury. The association between children's behavioral traits and their risk of injury is not well understood.Method
Data from the Regional Rural Injury Study-II were used to assess behavioral risk factors for injury to children ages six to < 20 years. A total of 379 injury events (cases) and 1,562 randomly selected controls were identified. Adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI), calculated using logistic regression, were used to estimate injury risk in reference to behavioral traits.Results
Injury risks were greater for children with high levels of depressive symptoms (OR = 1.9, CI = 1.0-3.7) and aggression (OR = 1.6, CI = 0.9-2.7), and low levels of careful/cautious behavior (OR = 1.8, CI = 1.1-2.9). Children with low levels of self-regulation had reduced risks (OR = 0.4, CI = 0.2-0.8).Discussion
Results suggest that children's behaviors affect their risk of agricultural injury. Additional research could elucidate mechanisms and inform interventions.Impact on industry
The development of multifaceted, sustainable approaches for prevention is necessary for this unique population. These findings suggest a need for interventions that incorporate specific behavior-related risk factors in the context of family farms and ranches. 相似文献38.
F. R. Funes-Monzote Marta Monzote E. A. Lantinga H. van Keulen 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2009,11(4):765-783
From the 1960s onwards, a ‘High External Input’ dairy production model was applied widely in Cuba. Overall milk production
of the national herd increased considerably, but the system was inefficient from both a financial and energetic point of view.
In the early 1990s, after the abrupt end of inflow of capital and other resources from Eastern Europe, the dairy sector collapsed.
In the short term, the modern infrastructure of milk production deteriorated and the sector experienced profound vulnerability.
However, in the longer term, this situation stimulated a search for more sustainable approaches, such as low external input
Mixed Farming Systems (MFS). The current study aimed to evaluate two small scale prototype farms to assess the implications
of converting ‘Low External Input’ Dairy Farming Systems into MFS. Fifteen agro-ecological and financial indicators were selected
and monitored over a 6-year period. Two configurations of MFS, i.e. the proportion of the farm area occupied by arable crops,
were tested: 25 and 50%. Productivity, energy efficiency and cost-effectiveness all improved following conversion. Total energy
input was low for both farms and decreased over time, whereas energy efficiency was high and increased over time. Human labour
input was high directly following conversion, but decreased by one-third over the 6-year period. This study demonstrates,
at an experimental scale, the potential of MFS to achieve ecological, productivity and financial advantages for dairy production
in Cuba.
Readers should send their comments on this paper to: BhaskarNath@aol.com within 3 months of publication of this issue. 相似文献
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Geoffrey R. Squire Cathy Hawes Graham S. Begg Mark W. Young 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2009,16(1):85-94
Background, aim and scope
In a gradualist approach to the introduction of crop biotechnology, the findings of experimentation at one scale are used to predict the outcome of moving to a higher scale of deployment. Movement through scales had occurred for certain genetically modified herbicide-tolerant (GMHT) crops in the UK as far as large-scale field trials. However, the land area occupied by these trials was still <1% of the area occupied by the respective non-GM crops. Some means is needed to predict the direction and size of the effect of increasing the area of GMHT cropping on ecological variables such as the diversity among species and trophic interactions. Species-accumulation curves are examined here as a method of indicating regional-scale impacts on botanical diversity from multiple field experiments.Materials and methods
Data were used from experiments on the effect of (GMHT) crops and non-GM, or conventional, comparators in fields sown with four crop types (beet, maize, spring and winter oilseed rape) at a total of 250 sites in the UK between 2000 and 2003. Indices of biodiversity were measured in a split-field design comparing GMHT with the farmers’ usual weed management. In the original analyses based on the means at site level, effects were detected on the mass of weeds in the three spring crops and the proportion of broadleaf and grass weeds in winter oilseed rape, but not on indices of plant species diversity. To explore the links between site means and total taxa, accumulation curves were constructed based on the number of plant species (a pool of around 250 species in total) and the number of plant functional types (24), inferred from the general life-history characteristics of a species.Results
Species accumulation differed between GMHT and conventional treatments in direction and size, depending on the type of crop and its conventional management. Differences were mostly in the asymptote of the curve, indicative of the maximum number of species found in a treatment, rather than the steepness of the curve. In winter oilseed rape, 8% more species were accumulated in the GMHT treatment, mainly as a result of the encouragement of grass species by the herbicide when applied in the autumn. (Overall, GMHT winter oilseed rape had strong negative effects on both the food web and the potential weed burden by increasing the biomass of grasses and decreasing that of broadleaf weeds.) In maize, 33% more species—a substantial increase—were accumulated in the GMHT than in the conventional, consistent with the latter’s highly suppressive weed management using triazine herbicides. In the spring oilseed rape and beet, fewer species (around 10%) were accumulated in the GMHT than the conventional. The GMHT treatments did not remove or add any functional (life history) types, however. Differences in species accumulation between treatments appeared to be caused by loss or gain of rarer species. The generality of this effect was confirmed by simulations of species accumulation in which the species complement at each of 50 sites was drawn from a regional pool and subjected to reducing treatment at each site. Shifts in the species-accumulation parameters, comparable to those measured, occurred only when a treatment removed the rarer species at each site.Discussion
Species accumulation provided a set of simple curve-parameters that captured the net result of numerous local effects of treatments on plant species and, in some instances, the balance between grass and broadleaf types. The direction of effect was not the same in the four crops and depended on the severity of the conventional treatment and on complex interactions between season, herbicide and crop. The accumulation curves gave an indication of potential positive or negative consequences for regional species pools of replacing a conventional practice with GMHT weed management. In this and related studies, a range of indicators, through which diversity was assessed by both species and functional type, and at both site and regional scales, gave more insight into effects of GMHT treatment than provided by any one indicator.Conclusions
Species accumulation was shown to discriminate at the regional scale between agronomic treatments that had little effect on species number at the field scale. While a comprehensive assessment of GM cropping needs to include an examination of regional effects, as here, the costs of doing this in all instances would be prohibitive. Simulations of diversity-reducing treatments could provide a theoretical framework for predicting the likely regional effects from in-field plant dynamics.Recommendations and perspectives
Accumulation curves potentially offer a means of linking within-site effects to regional impacts on biodiversity resulting from any change in agricultural practice. To guide empirical measurement, there is a scope to apply a methodology such as individual-based modelling at the field scale to explore the links between agronomic treatments and the relative abundance of plant types. The framework needs to be validated in practice, using species-based and functional taxonomies, the latter defined by measured rather than inferred traits. 相似文献40.
AVINASH TOPE FREDERICK N. BEBE MYNA PANEMANGALORE 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(6):843-853
Chronic low-level exposure to synthetic pesticides is implicated in many health conditions that result from the induction of oxidative stress, including cytogenetic damage. The objective of this study was to assess the risk of genotoxicity using micronuclei (MN) formation in lymphocytes and to determine changes in blood antioxidants superoxide dismutase (SOD) in erythrocytes (E) and glutathione (GSH) in E and plasma (PL) in farm workers for six months during a growing season. Blood and urine samples were collected once a month for six months (June to November 2003) from farm workers (n = 15) and urban unexposed controls (n = 10). Lymphocytes from blood were separated by density gradient centrifugation using Histopaque and cultured using the standard technique. There was no significant difference in the cytokinesis blocked proliferation index (CBPI) of lymphocytes between the farm workers and the control group, but there was a 76% increase in average MN frequency in lymphocytes of the farm worker group (P ≤ 0.05). In addition, MN frequency peaked during August as compared to the other months and the controls (P ≤ 0.05). An 18% decline was observed in the activity of E-SOD in the farm worker group (P ≤ 0.05). GSH in E and PL were similar in both groups. These data suggest that the farm workers may be at a greater risk of developing genotoxicity due to continued exposure to pesticides, especially during the intensive growing season. 相似文献