郑州市夏、秋季大气颗粒物中水溶性无机离子质量浓度及粒径分布特征

为研究我国中原城市群中心城市郑州市的不同粒径大气颗粒物的组成特征,利用八级撞击式采样器在夏、秋季进行大气颗粒物分级采样,利用离子色谱测定Na~+、Ca~(2+)、NH_4~+、K~+、Mg~(2+)、F~-、Cl~-、NO_3~-和SO_4~(2-)共9种离子的浓度,利用在线离子色谱分析仪监测颗粒物中硝酸盐的实时浓度.结果表明,采样期间郑州市水溶性离子平均浓度为(70. 9±52. 1)μg·m~(-3),其中监测的9种水溶性离子浓度从大到小顺序依次为:NO_3~- SO_4~(2-) NH_4~+ Ca~(2+) Na~+ Cl~- Mg~(2+) K~+ F~-、NO_3~-、SO_4~(2-)和NH_4~+占总水溶性离子的质量分数为79. 9%;无论在秋季或夏季SO_4~(2-)主要集中在≤1. 1μm粒径段上,而NO_3~-主要集中在0. 65～3. 3μm粒径段上. NO_3~-和SO_4~(2-)夏季和秋季均呈双峰分布,主要分布于细粒子中; NH_4~+夏季呈双峰分布,秋季呈单峰分布,表现出季节变化.郑州市夏季臭氧污染严重,O_3与NO_3~-明显地"错峰"现象,表示大气中存在光化学反应;秋季颗粒物污染严重,采样期间[NO_3~-]/[SO_4~(2-)]的比值远大于0. 5,移动源成为颗粒物重要的来源.夏季NOR、SOR峰值在1. 1～2. 1μm粒径段上,秋季两者峰值在0. 65～1. 1μm粒径段上;夏季硫的气-粒转化大于氮的转化,而秋季则相反.     

一种快腐菌剂在堆肥制作中的应用研究

在接种和未接种条件下,研究了一种菌剂YD-KFI对堆肥制作效果.结果发现,接种该菌剂加快堆肥升温速度、提高最高温度、延长高温维持时间;堆肥制作的升温期和高温期,接种菌剂分别促进了淀粉、可溶性糖和粗纤维等物质的降解,加快了堆肥的腐熟进程.采用PCR-DGGE方法,分析该菌剂对堆肥制作不同阶段微生物群落的影响,发现在堆肥制...     

A meta-analysis of heavy metals pollution in farmland and urban soils in China over the past 20 years

A total of 713 research papers about field monitor experiments of heavy metals in farmland and urban soils in China, published from 2000 to 2019, were obtained. A meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate the level of China's heavy metal pollution in soils, mainly focusing on eight heavy metals. It was found that the average concentrations of cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), and arsenic (As) in China were 0.19, 30.74, 85.86, 25.81, 0.074, 67.37, 27.77 and 8.89 mg/kg, respectively. Compared with the background value (0.097 mg/kg), the Cd content showed a twofold (0.19 mg/kg) rise in farmland soils and a threefold (0.29 mg/kg) rise in urban soils. The decreasing order of the mean I_geo was Cd (1.77) > Pb (0.62) > Zn (0.60) > Cu (0.58) > Hg (0.57) > Cr (0.54) > Ni (0.47) > As (0.28). Nearly 33.54% and 44.65% of sites in farmland and urban soils were polluted with Cd. The average concentrations of eight heavy metals were not sensitive change in recent two decades in farmland and urban soils. The average P_n values for urban (2.52) and farmland (2.15) soils showed that heavy metal pollution in urban soils was more serious than that in farmland, and the middle Yangtze River regions, where industrial activity dominates, were the most polluted. The meta-analysis comprehensively evaluated the current pollution situation of soil heavy metal, and provided important basis for soil management and environment prevention in China.     

退耕还林工程对黄土高原土地利用/覆被变化的影响——以陕西省安塞县为例

退耕还林工程(Sloping land conversion program, SLCP)可快速改变土地利用/覆被格局。论文以黄土高原典型沟壑区--陕西省安塞县为例,利用MSS/TM/ETM+卫星遥感影像,获取研究区6个时期土地利用/覆被的时空信息,通过统计模型,定量分析了研究区SLCP对土地利用/覆被格局的影响。草地、耕地及林地为研究区三大主要土地利用/覆被类型,研究区土地利用/覆被变化整体处于不平衡态势;整个研究时段内,耕地先增后减,整体减少38.4%;林地先减后增,整体增加4.36%;灌木林地和草地减少,而未成林造林地快速增加;SLCP显著加强了耕地的递减趋势,并大幅增加了未成林造林地面积,至2010年未成林造林地面积显著大于天然林地的面积。这些变化可能具有降低土壤侵蚀与产流量、改善土壤结构、增加土壤碳吸收等效应;SLCP能提高农民收入,且大部分农民支持SLCP;但其负面效应亦不可忽视。研究将有助于对SLCP效应的全面理解,并可为该区生态恢复工程的规划与决策及生态环境保护提供参考。     

净化铁锰氨生物滤池内氨氮转化途径

为考察净化铁锰氨生物滤池内NH₄+-N的转化途径,利用氮素计量关系和沿程试验研究了净化铁锰氨生物滤池内产生TN_loss(氮损失)的原因和NH₄+-N转化途径. 结果表明,净化铁锰氨生物滤池内DO消耗异常,TN_loss不守恒,当进水ρ(NH₄+-N)平均值分别为1.262、2.296、3.111 mg/L时,NLR(氮损失率)分别能达到7.89%、12.91%、17.73%. 利用硝化反应和CANON(全程自养脱氮)方程式计算得出理论TN_loss和TDOC(理论耗氧量),与实际TN_loss和ADOC(实际耗氧量)的差值分别小于±0.030、±0.10 mg/L,各阶段NH₄+-N 通过CANON途径转化的比例分别为48.58%、60.77%、68.10%,硝化反应和CANON途径共同参与了NH₄+-N转化. 沿程试验结果表明,整个试验阶段,NO₂--N在滤层中均有积累,并在滤层厚度为10~18 cm内出现NO₂--N和NH₄+-N共存的现象,进一步证明CANON途径是净化铁锰氨生物滤池内产生TN_loss的原因.      

农田塑料地膜污染及防治

分析了农田塑料地膜污染现状及残留对土壤产生的不良影响：降低土壤渗透性、减少土壤含水量、削弱耕地抗旱能力,造成农作物减产,破坏自然景观和造成环境污染。提出了防治措施：加强环保宣传教育,制定奖惩政策,加大残留地膜的回收力度;制定农膜残留和厚度标准;推广可降解塑料薄膜;采用适时揭膜技术;制定经济政策,加强残留地膜回收后的利用。     

钝化材料对Cd污染农田修复及其后效探究

在田间试验条件下,考察不同钝化材料对农田Cd轻度污染水稻修复效果及稻麦轮作后第二年水稻修复后效.结果表明,在轻度Cd污染农田中,各钝化材料处理均能不同程度降低土壤有效态Cd含量和水稻籽粒中Cd含量.其中,在钝化材料施用当季和稻麦轮作后第二季水稻中修复效果最好的处理为中量纳米材料处理和石灰配施中量纳米材料处理,这两种处理...     

一个适用于区域性大气环境模拟的大气光化学模式

根据“计数物种”法对光化学反应机制的分析,建立了一个适用于区域性光化学反应模拟的模式,该模式能较好地模拟出NO_x、O_3及H_2O_2等大气光化学污染物的变化,在保证模拟准确性的同时,该模式形式简单,有利于在实际大气环境质量模拟中应用.     

Integrating forage,wildlife, water,and fish projections with timber projections at the regional level: A case study in southern United States

The impact of timber management and land-use change on forage production, turkey and deer abundance, red-cockaded woodpecker colonies, water yield, and trout abundance was projected as part of a policy study focusing on the southern United States. The multiresource modeling framework used in this study linked extant timber management and land-area policy models with newly developed models for forage, wildlife, fish, and water. Resource production was integrated through a commonly defined land base that could be geographically partitioned according to individual resource needs. Resources were responsive to changes in land use, particularly human-related, and timber management, particularly the harvest of older stands, and the conversion to planted pine.     

An estimate of the conversion rates of SO2 to SO2-4 and NO2 to HNO3+ NO3- for the evaluation air pollution in Beijing

The conversion rates of SO₂ to SO^2-₄ and NO₂ to HNO₃₊NO₃- are estimated from the field-data obtained in Beijing in summer, 1988. The results show that the conversion rate of NO₂ is about four times as much as that of SO₂; The conversion rates have a diurnal variation in a day. On the average, the rate of SO₂ is estimated to be 4.7% h^-1 during the daytime and 3.4% h^-1 during the nighttime. Similarly, the rate of NO₂ is estimated to be 17.2% h^-1 and 12% h^-1 respectively.