TiO_2纳米棒阵列薄膜的制备及其光催化还原Cr(Ⅵ)

采用水热法在导电玻璃(FTO)上合成具有一维结构的TiO2纳米棒阵列薄膜.用扫描电子显微镜,广角X-射线粉末衍射,紫外可见分光光谱等手段对薄膜进行了表征,研究了不同浓度钛酸四丁酯和水热反应时间对FTO-TiO2纳米棒阵列薄膜形貌的影响及FTO-TiO2纳米棒阵列薄膜光催化还原Cr(Ⅵ)的反应性能.结果表明,当钛酸四丁酯浓度为0.05 mol·L-1和水热反应时间为20 h时制备的FTO-TiO2纳米棒阵列薄膜形貌最优,一维FTO-TiO2纳米棒阵列薄膜光催化还原Cr(Ⅵ)的性能优于商业化二氧化钛P25制备的薄膜.     

废弃日用品塑料中多溴联苯醚浸出特征及地下水健康风险

选择典型废弃日用品塑料,对特征处置场景下其PBDEs的浸出特征及健康风险进行了评价.结果表明,日用品塑料在硫酸/硝酸、醋酸和腐殖酸溶液中达到溶出平衡时,∑21PBDEs释放量分别为20.00、63.65、125.60μg·kg-1,均以BDE209为主.进入生活垃圾填埋场的释放量高于堆存和简易填埋过程,在最不利条件下距填埋场下游500 m处地下水中PBDEs最大浓度为39.67μg·L-1,居民饮用地下水产生的非致癌风险指数为2.11×10-1,其中十溴代物(BDE209)的非致癌风险指数为1.85×10-1,均小于美国标准中非致癌的可接受风险水平(1.0),表明废旧日用品塑料可进入生活垃圾填埋场处置.     

Technical specifications for mechanical recycling of agricultural plastic waste

Technical specifications appropriate for the recycling of agricultural plastic wastes (APWs), widely accepted by the recycling industry were developed. The specifications establish quality standards to be met by the agricultural plastics producers, users and the agricultural plastic waste management chain. They constitute the base for the best economical and environmental valorisation of the APW.The analysis of the APW streams conducted across Europe in the framework of the European project “LabelAgriWaste” revealed the inherent characteristics of the APW streams and the inherent constraints (technical or economical) of the APW. The APW stream properties related to its recycling potential and measured during pilot trials are presented and a subsequent universally accepted simplified and expanded list of APW recycling technical specifications is proposed and justified. The list includes two sets of specifications, applied to two different quality categories of recyclable APW: one for pellet production process (“Quality I”) and another one for plastic profile production process (“Quality II”). Parameters that are taken into consideration in the specifications include the APW physical characteristics, contamination, composition and degradation. The proposed specifications are focused on polyethylene based APW that represents the vast majority of the APW stream. However, the specifications can be adjusted to cover also APW of different materials (e.g. PP or PVC) that are found in very small quantities in protected cultivations in Europe. The adoption of the proposed specifications could transform this waste stream into a labelled commodity traded freely in the market and will constitute the base for the best economical and environmental valorisation of the APW.     

农村水利供给的非均衡性与治理制度创新

通过对湖北农田水利供给的非均衡性分析。探寻农田水利供给困境的根源。研究表明：农田水利的集体供给体制越来越难以维系。农户自我供给制加速了集体供给制的衰退；受制度环境．合伙互助供给制只局限于狭小的范围内；农户合作供给行为因制度短缺和资源禀赋约束而难以发展壮大。最后．文章力图提出适宜的农田水利供给制度创新思路。     

差速器壳体疲劳寿命仿真分析方法

目的 研究差速器壳体疲劳寿命分析方法,调查差速器壳体断裂的根本原因.方法 以具体试验工况为输入,以减速器壳体支撑刚度为边界条件,以齿轮啮合力为输入载荷,建立弹性支撑条件下的差速器壳体有限元模型,并进行强度计算.以强度分析结果为输入,在疲劳寿命计算软件FEMFAT中进行疲劳寿命校核.考虑到差速器壳体分析工况较多、载荷复杂,采用Neuber公式,结合材料的循环应力-应变曲线方程和应力-应变迟滞回线方程,进行线弹性应力修正的方法进行校核.同时,为了更好地模拟差速器的运行极限工况,分析载荷采用了三正一负交替变化的载荷.最后,基于线性疲劳累积损伤理论的Miner法则对结果进行判断.结果 基于线性疲劳累积损伤理论的Miner法则,初始设计方案的计算结果表明,疲劳破坏发生在壳体过渡圆角处,其可承受的载荷循环次数为270次,不满足大于350次的设计目标,结果与疲劳台架试验相符,且失效区域对应性较好.通过增大差速器壳体过渡圆角半径及增加壳体厚度的方法对差速器壳体进行优化,优化后的疲劳分析结果显示,疲劳寿命增加至417次,满足350次设计目标,并顺利通过耐久台架试验.结论 通过优化前后台架试验结果与仿真结果的对比证实,该仿真分析方法能准确预测差速器壳体的疲劳水平,且该分析方法在计算精度方面是完全可信的,可以在实际项目开发中应用,可提前识别并规避风险,减少后期台架验证成本.     

基于事故树分析法的气膜式储煤棚消防安全风险分析

为了降低气膜式储煤棚的消防安全风险,运用事故树分析方法对导致气膜式储煤棚发生火灾的相关因素进行分析,绘制出气膜式储煤棚火灾事故树,计算出最小割集、最小径集以及基本事件的结构重要度,并对它们进行研究分析,最后结合分析结果提出相关意见与建议,为煤矿储运企业进行火灾防控提供一定的参考。     

Self-ignition in stone wool insulation contaminated with fatty acid (fundamentals,case study,analysis methodology)

A combination of a residual film of flammable organic substance, air and porous structures like insulation material (e.g. stone wool) may result in a fire. The initiating self-heating process depends on the substance (reactivity, volatility), amount of accumulated liquid, volume and temperature. Specific information is given for application and extension of the Thomas criterion with a 2nd order reaction. The experimental part includes new experimental techniques to determine heat transfer and formal reaction kinetic data. The applied self-ignition temperature (SIT) simulation model relies on liquid film volume and not on liquid film surface reaction. As a further result of the studies detailed working procedure of three simplified methodologies for estimation of SITs in technical scale are presented. New techniques to determine parameters necessary for SIT prediction, especially in combination with Methodology III, have the power to reduce the costs for estimating the SIT up to 80%.     

焚烧法从废彩色相纸中回收银工艺试验研究

对焚烧法从废彩色相纸中回收银工艺的技术条件,及焚烧过程中产生烟气的处理方法进行了探讨,取得了基础数据,为废彩色相纸的工厂化处理提供科学依据。     

Study on the conversion of waste plastics/petroleum resid mixtures to transportation fuels

Catalytic coprocessing of model and waste plastics with light Arabian crude oil residue was investigated using NiMo/Al₂O₃, ZSM-5, FCC, and hydrocracking catalysts. Reaction systems that were studied included low density polyethylene (LDPE), high density polyethylene (HDPE), polystyrene (PS), and polypropylene (PP). A series of single (plastic/catalyst) and binary (plastic/resid/catalyst) reactions were carried out in a 25-cm³ micro autoclave reactor under different conditions of weight and type of catalyst, duration, pressure, and temperature. The optimum conditions selected for our work were: 1% catalyst by weight of total feedstock weight, 60min reaction time, 8.3Mpa of H₂, and 430°C. The product distribution for the binary system using plastic and petroleum residue provided some encouraging results. High yields of liquid fuels in the boiling range of 100°–480°C and gases were obtained along with a small amount of heavy oils and insoluble material such as gums and coke. In general, this study helps to demonstrate the technical feasibility of upgrading both waste plastics and petroleum resid, as well as an alternative approach to feedstock recycling.     

Trace Metal Concentrations in an Intensive Agricultural Watershed in British Columbia,Canada1

Abstract: Effects of agricultural intensification and a naturally occurring landslide of asbestos material upon water and sediment quality in a transboundary watershed were investigated. The water and sediments of the Sumas River watershed were analyzed for copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), chromium (Cr), and nickel (Ni) concentrations in 1993/1994 and 2003/2004 and differences within sites over time were examined. Based upon a review of the literature, Cu and Zn were used as indicators of agricultural impacts while Cr and Ni were used as indicators of impacts from an asbestos landslide. Animal unit equivalents (AUEs) were calculated on a per area basis as an indicator of livestock density using detailed statistical census data. Whatman #42 filtered metals, bioavailable metals, and sediment‐bound metals (in the <63 μm fraction) were determined at 22 sites along the mainstem and tributaries, including two reference sites. Temperature, pH, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were also measured. The bioavailable metal fraction was determined using the diffusive gradient thin film technique (DGT). Sediment‐bound results were compared with British Columbia’s Interim Sediment Quality Guidelines (ISQGs) and Severe Effects Levels (SELs). A Wilcoxon signed rank test was used to determine if the concentrations of metals changed significantly within sites between 1993/1994 and 2003/2004. Spearman rank correlation analysis was used to determine relationships between trace metals, water quality parameters, and AUEs/hectare. The results indicate that Cu and Zn levels in sediments increased significantly to concentrations above the ISQGs of 35.7 mg/kg and 123 mg/kg, respectively from 1993/1994 to 2003/2004 in streams, where associated land use was dominated by intensive agriculture. Higher AUEs/hectare were significantly correlated with greater bioavailable levels of Zn as well as higher sediment‐bound Zn concentrations. Neither Cu nor Cr were detected by the DGTs on any of the sampling occasions. The Cr and Ni sediment concentrations were highest in Swift Creek, the headwater tributary affected by the natural landslide of asbestos material, and decreased in the Sumas River downstream from the point of input. Cr and Ni concentrations have increased in the mid‐region of the Sumas River since 1993/1994, suggesting downstream movement of the asbestos material over time. DGT results indicated that bioavailable Zn is significantly positively correlated to sediment‐bound Zn and livestock density, and bioavailable Ni is significantly correlated to sediment‐bound Ni.