珠江三角洲城市雨水的化学组成及其成因探讨

于2005—2007年间,基于降水过程监测分析了广州市和珠海市雨水的化学组成。结果表明,广州市雨水的pH值变化于3.32~7.03之间,平均值为4.35,众数约为4.15。珠海市雨水的pH值变化于3.38~6.49之间,平均值为4.51。雨水pH值随降水强度的减弱而降低,这决定于大气中水汽与酸性气体的接触时间。珠江三角洲城市雨水中所含主要离子依次是SO42-、NO3-、NH4＋、Ca2＋、Cl-。雨水的酸化与降水过程密切相关。降雨初期雨水比中后期雨水的pH值高,揭示降雨初期大气中的粉尘颗粒有效中和雨水的酸度。多天连续降水天气对大气尘埃的清洗作用明显,但是持续的SO2和NOx排放更容易使雨水酸化。滨海城市降水初期雨水的电导率上升较快（可以从小于1μS.cm-1上升到20~30μS.cm-1）,随着降水时间的延长雨水的电导率以较慢的速率上升。     

厦门近海沉积物中高分子有机质的来源初探

采用多步连续-湿法-化学方法,分离提纯了于2010年7月和12月在厦门近海采集的沉积物样品,获得3类高分子有机质,即腐殖酸（HA）、干酪根和碳黑（KB）和碳黑（BC）。以扫描电镜（SEM）作为有效的辅助手段,观察沉积物原样及高分子有机质的形貌特征,结合稳定碳同位素（δ13C）的分析,初步探讨了厦门近海沉积物中高分子有机质的来源。扫描电镜观察发现,在原样沉积物中存在多种海源物质（如钙质硅藻和圆筛藻/冠盘藻）;而在KB样品中同时发现类似于陆地植物的木质碎片以及来自海洋的藻胶鞘,暗示了其来源是海源与陆源共同作用的结果。稳定碳同位素研究表明厦门湾近海海域沉积物中有机质以陆源影响占优势,其比例在58.32%至84.45%之间;δ13C值整体上显示为夏季的贫于冬季的,这与研究区域的生态系统中陆源C3植被和海源水生植物的繁殖生长有关,同时还有排海污水及化石燃料煤燃烧后或者运煤船只洒落的碎屑的贡献。     

中空纤维膜辅助离子液体液相微萃取-高效液相色谱法测定环境水体中的水杨酸

分别以l-辛基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸离子液体([C8MIM][PF6])和三辛基氧化膦(TOPO)作为萃取剂与辅助萃取剂,建立了中空纤维膜辅助的两相液液微萃取-高效液相色谱测定环境水体中水杨酸(Salicylicacid,SA)的新方法.通过对中空纤维膜种类、萃取剂、供体相体积、供体相pH、离子强度和萃取时间相关参数进行优化,获得了较高的富集倍数(1653倍).方法的检出限为0.1μg.L-1,线性范围为0.5—1000μg.L-1.方法对实际样品的加标回收率为89.6%—102.4%,可应用于环境水体中痕量SA的测定.     

Solar driven nitrous acid formation on building material surfaces containing titanium dioxide: A concern for air quality in urban areas?

The photoenhanced uptake of nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) to the surface of commercially available self-cleaning window glass has been studied under controlled laboratory conditions. This material is one of an array of modern building products which incorporate titanium dioxide (TiO₂) nanoparticles and are finding increasing use in populated urban areas. Amongst the principal drivers for the use of these materials is that they are thought to facilitate the irreversible removal of pollutants such as NO₂ and organic molecules from the atmosphere and thus act to remediate air quality. While it appears that TiO₂ materials do indeed remove organic molecules from built environments, in this study we show that the photoenhanced uptake of NO₂ to one example material, self-cleaning window glass, is in fact accompanied by the substantial formation (50–70%) of gaseous nitrous acid (HONO). This finding has direct and serious implications for the use of these materials in urban areas. Not only is HONO a harmful respiratory irritant, it is also readily photolysed by solar radiation leading to the formation of hydroxyl radicals (OH) together with the re-release of NO_x as NO. The net effect of subsequent OH initiated chemistry can then be the further degradation of air quality through the formation of secondary pollutants such as ozone and VOC oxidation products. In summary, we suggest that a scientifically conceived technical strategy for air quality remediation based on this technology, while widely perceived as universally beneficial, could in fact have effects precisely opposite to those intended.     

DSD酸氧化缩合废水浓缩液回用试验研究

研究了DSD酸氧化缩合废水浓缩液回用到原生产过程的可行性。对DSD酸氧化缩合废水可采用萃取技术分离出其中97％的有机物，反萃产生的4－8倍的浓缩液返回到DSD酸生产中的氧化缩合单元后，可提高DNS酸的收率约7．43％，且不会明显影响产品的纯度，浓缩液8次循环磁用试验的结果表明，虽然DSD酸氧化缩合废水的COD从15000－20000mg/L提高到20000－29000mg/L，但没有显著持续增长的趋势，表明反应液中副产物的浓度得到了有效的控制。     

A GAME-THEORETIC APPROACH TO ACID RAIN ABATEMENT: CONFLICT ANALYSIS OF ENVIRONMENTAL LOAD ALLOCATION1

ABSTRACT: The detrimental impacts of acid rain have become widely publicized, but effective and equitable methods to mitigate the acid rain problem remain to be found. This paper focuses on conflicts involved in allocation of the total emission loads to be reduced to respective pollution sources of acid rain, and proposes a game-theory approach to the resolution of the conflict. With an example abstracted from a hypothetical case study in the United States of America and Canada, a systematic analysis is performed and policy implications of the results examined to assess the applicability of the proposed model.     

石灰-聚铁法处理硫酸厂废水的研究

对各种处理硫酸厂废水的方法者了探讨,选择了以百石灰和聚合硫酸铁为药剂去除废水中砷,硫等污染物的方法。该法工艺简单,混凝剂投加量少,运行费用低,处理后的废水可达到排放标准。     

测定单个粒子的薄膜法及其应用

本文介绍改进后的薄膜法,主要是形态分析法和复合薄膜法。它们都是基于粒子和薄膜反应生成物的形态特征通过电镜来确定粒子成分的。前者可以检测单个酸性粒子,检出下限为７ ×１０－ １９ｇ;后者能同时检出一个粒子中所含的ＮＯ－３ 和ＳＯ２ －４ ,检出下限分别为３ ×１０－ １５ｇ 和７ ×１０－ １８ｇ。利用该方法对广州大气粒子进行了观察,结果表明改进后的薄膜法完全适用于对单个粒子的观察和测定。     

Physiological and Biochemical Effects of Simulated Acid Rain on Phaseolus Vulgaris Var. HUR-15

Pot experiments were performed to determine the effects of simulated acid rain on Phaseolus vulgaris var. HUR-15. Seeds of Phaseolus vulgaris var. HUR-15 were exposed to simulated acid rain at pH values of 5.1, 4.1, 3.1, 2.1 and 1.1 and a control level of pH 6.8. Plants were harvested at three stages, i.e. pre, peak and post-flowering stages. Seedlings succumbed at pH 1.1. Necrosis developed on the leaves of plants treated with water of pH 2.1, resulting in adverse effect on chlorophyll content. They died after peak-flowering. Root and shoot length and dry weight were reduced with the lowering in pH. Carbohydrate, nitrogen and protein contents decreased with the decrease in pH level, adversely affecting their nutrient value.     

硫酸活化市政污泥对亚甲基蓝的吸附

采用市政剩余污泥作为原料,以硫酸作为活化剂制备吸附剂,并将其应用到含亚甲基蓝废水处理中。系统地研究了溶液初始pH值、亚甲基蓝初始浓度和吸附时间等因素对硫酸活化市政污泥吸附性能的影响。研究结果表明,在吸附剂投加量2 g/L,pH7.5,温度293 K条件下,硫酸活化市政污泥对亚甲基蓝的最大吸附量为38.4794 mg/g。吸附动力学和热力学研究结果表明,吸附剂对亚甲基蓝的吸附过程可用准二级动力学模型(R2=0.9910)、Freundlich吸附等温式(R2=0.9935)来描述。颗粒内扩散速率也是其吸附反应限制因素,但不是惟一限制因素。该研究表明,硫酸活化剩余污泥可以作为含亚甲基蓝染料废水的处理材料。