Analysis of sensitivity of different criteria in cytogenetic monitoring

A sensitivity scale for criteria used in cytogenetic monitoring was constructed on the basis of published data and the results of experiments on exposingZebrina pendula Schirt. plants to radon at various equivalent volume equilibrium activities. It was found that nucleolar activity and suppression of mitotic activity are the most and the least sensitive parameters in terms of response to stress, respectively.     

Integrated Ambient and Microenvironment Model for Estimation of PM10 Exposures of Children in Annual and Episode Settings

Particulate matter air pollution is estimated to cause in the order of 350,000 excess deaths in the European Union calling for policy development and evaluation tools. In the current work, a model for PM₁₀ exposures of children is developed using microenvironment time activities and infiltration of ambient pollution indoors, both evaluated against observations earlier and integrated with city-wide air quality models in the current work. The model is demonstrated using data from two cities in Italy. High-end short-term exposures are characterized by an episode-day situation in Turin, and annual mean exposures in downtown Bologna. The air quality model was unable to capture the highest levels during the episode, and therefore, the exposure model was adjusted using observed–modeled ratio from a monitoring station. Air quality model performance for the annual levels was significantly better. Annual exposure variability within the target population was 1.5-fold in the downtown area Bologna and tenfold during the episode day in Turin.     

When females should contest for food – testing hypotheses about resource density, distribution, size, and quality with Hanuman langurs (Presbytis entellus)

Predictions of ecological models on female social relationships (van Schaik 1989) and their links with food distribution and the potential competitive regime are used to analyze the feeding and spatial behavior, and resource density, size, distribution, and quality in a forest population of Hanuman langurs (Presbytis entellus). In contrast to other populations, and assumptions on folivorous primates, the females of this population exhibit a linear dominance hierarchy. The langurs concentrated their feeding on three key resources with a low density and clumped distribution. Two out of the three key resources contained significantly higher levels of extractable protein and soluble sugar than other food plants, indicating high spatial variability of food quality. Even the mature leaves of the most preferred food plant were about twice as nutritious as those from other food plants. Group spread was small and only a single high-quality resource was used at a time. Finally, even rich resources could accommodate only a subset of a group. These findings fit predictions made for the prevalence of within-group contest competition. Given the observed food distribution and phytochemical heterogeneity of mature foliage, even females of folivorous species should contest for food. The effect of female dominance rank on size and composition of feeding parties also agrees with this prediction. A comparison with data from another forest population, where female dominance relations are weakly developed, revealed a clear-cut difference in the use and abundance of resources. It is argued that between-population differences in female social relationships within a species may be viewed as adaptive responses to local habitat conditions. Received: 1 August 1997 / Accepted after revision: 7 December 1997     

絮体老化与调节对回流进水及混凝的影响机制

为探索絮体老化与pH值调节对回流进水颗粒组成及混凝的影响,采用激光粒度仪进行了絮体粒径分析并通过Al(OH)₃胶体(Al-gel)的老化实验探究了老化与pH值调节对絮体形态及性质的内在影响机制.结果表明,原水颗粒物粒径呈现单峰分布,絮体回流进水颗粒物粒径呈现双峰分布,并且回流进水颗粒d₅₀随着絮体老化时间的增加而减小;由于絮体回流提高了颗粒物与混凝剂接触机率和碰撞效率,因此加快了絮体的生长;絮体在pH=5的环境下老化12h后进行回流混凝的絮体粒径生长速率最高(1.16μm/s)并且生成的絮体具有较大的分形维数(2.35).Al-gel的老化实验结果表明,絮体老化过程会涉及羟桥反应和结晶反应并导致絮体的表面活性基团数量减少,从而不利于与原水颗粒物的相互作用.pH值调节对絮体产生不同的影响,p H=5的条件下进行老化会加速絮体的羟桥反应和结晶反应,而p H=9的条件下进行老化则会涉及溶解-沉淀-结晶反应.     

介孔TiO2的制备及光催化降解有机染料的研究

以十六烷基三甲基溴化胺为模板剂,用溶胶-凝胶法制备了介孔TiO2,用x射线衍射、透射电子显微镜、热重/差热分析及氮气吸附等方法对其进行了分析表征,并用偶氮染料阳离子红X-GRL为目标污染物分析了它的光催化活性.实验结果表明,450℃热处理后的介孔TiO2是锐钛矿型的,平均孔径为18 nm.氮气吸附曲线呈典型的介孔材料Ⅳ型吸附等温线特征.由于介孔TiO2具有较大的比表面积,因此表现出比非介孔TiO2高的光催化活性.     

剪切应力对好氧颗粒污泥形态结构和微生物活性的影响机制研究

对不同剪切应力(0.189、0.267、0.327和0.377 N/m2)下4个序批式反应器(SBR)中好氧颗粒污泥的形态结构、比耗氧速率(SOUR)以及胞外聚合物进行了对比分析.结果表明,好氧颗粒污泥具有稳定的基本形态特征,其微生物主要由杆菌、球菌和丝状菌组成;其中杆菌能承受高剪切作用.是剪切应力为0.377 N/m2时的优势菌群.4个反应器中污泥粒径分布范围分别为0.2-0.5、0.5-1.5、0.5-1.5和0.3-0.5 mm;SOUR分别为34.54、40.08、46.26和46.42 mg/(g·h),胞外多聚糖分别为59.71、66-81、80.88和109.99 mg/g,胞外蛋白质分别为9.29、9.80、12.35和17.02 mg/g.好氧颗粒污泥比耗氧速率SOUR和胞外聚合物与剪切应力有很好的正相关性.确定了好氧颗粒污泥微生物活性与剪切应力的响应关系.     

好氧/厌氧潜流湿地微生物多样性与净化能力的关系

好氧/厌氧多级串联潜流人工湿地对COD和NH4＋-N具有较高的去除率.为了探究该类型湿地高效去除污染物的具体机制,采用荧光素双醋酸酯（FDA）法、4,6-联脒—2-苯基吲哚（DAPI）法和BIOLOG法测定了人工湿地基质中微生物的活性、数量和代谢功能多样性,并分析其与水质净化能力之间的相关性.结果表明,沿水流方向,OA...     

养猪废水和污泥中11种兽用抗生素的同时分析技术及其在生物降解过程的应用

优化了固相萃取与高效液相色谱串联质谱联用的分析条件,使之适用于检测长三角地区养猪废水和污泥中常见的11种兽用抗生素(包括4种四环素类、2种磺胺类、3种喹诺酮类和2种大环内酯类).该分析方法对养猪废水的平均加标回收率(n=3)为73.0%~105.2%,相对标准偏差为3.1%~10.2%;对污泥的平均加标回收率(n=3)为57.4%~104.6%,相对标准偏差为1.9%~10.9%.研究膜生物反应器中抗生素的浓度变化,发现废水中抗生素以四环素类和磺胺类为主,而污泥中以四环素类为主.反应器对废水中四环素类抗生素的去除率为85.2%,其中最主要的去除途径是生物分解(51.9%),其次是污泥吸附(33.2%);而磺胺类抗生素去除率为95.8%,几乎全部是依靠生物分解,污泥吸附很少.摇瓶实验结果显示,污泥中积累的抗生素未对活性污泥的有机物降解活性和硝化活性产生明显影响.     

模拟酸雨对亚热带三个树种凋落叶分解速率及分解酶活性的影响

利用凋落物袋法研究了模拟酸雨对中国亚热带地区3个典型树种杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)、香樟(Cinnamomum camphora)、银杏(Ginkgo biloba)凋落叶分解速率及酶活性的影响.酸雨分别设置为重度酸雨(pH=2.5)、中度酸雨(pH=4.0)、对照处理(pH =5.6)3个梯度.试验结果表明:酸雨胁迫会抑制凋落叶的分解,且随着酸雨强度的增强,抑制作用更明显.杉木、香樟、银杏3个树种对照处理下周转期分别比中度酸雨短33％、43％、14％,比重度酸雨短44％、52％、17％.3种分解酶对酸雨胁迫的表现不同,脲酶和纤维素酶表现为一定的抑制作用,基本呈现为对照处理(pH=5.6)＞中度酸雨(pH=4.0)＞重度酸雨(pH=2.5),与凋落物的分解速率排列情况一致,蔗糖酶在酸雨胁迫下反而有激活的趋势,表现为重度酸雨(pH=2.5)＞中度酸雨(pH =4.0)＞对照处理(pH=5.6).不同树种对酸雨胁迫的影响有一定的差异性,针叶树种杉木受影响最大,阔叶树种香樟和银杏受影响较小,银杏的抗酸性较强,且针叶树种的分解速率比阔叶树种慢.脲酶和纤维素酶对凋落叶的分解贡献较大,而蔗糖酶的影响相对较小.酶活性与季节有较大的关系,夏季活性相对偏高,冬季活性相对偏低.     

中亚热带不同林龄马尾松林土壤酶学计量特征

土壤酶活性是表征土壤微生物养分需求与养分限制状况的重要指标.本文以中亚热带不同林龄(9、17、26、34和43 a)马尾松人工林为研究对象,通过测定β-葡萄糖苷酶(BG)、N-乙酰-β-氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)、亮氨酸氨基肽酶(LAP)、酸性磷酸酶(AP)、多酚氧化酶(POX)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性,并计算土壤酶化...