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21.
Agriculture can be a major nonpoint source (NPS) of nutrient and pesticide contamination in the environment. Available databases
do not provide accurate and dynamic data on fertilizer and pesticide application, which limits the ability of complex watershed
models to simulate contaminant loads into impaired water bodies. A model for estimating agricultural nutrient and pesticide
input for watershed modeling has been developed. Climate, soils, and major agricultural operations are considered within the
model, so that it can be adapted to any watershed or subregion within a watershed. The timing of the agricultural operations
is a function of the weather data, providing realistic results at daily, monthly, or annual application rates. The model also
predicts irrigation demand and biomass production, which can be used to calibrate the model. Model output can be used in any
watershed model that considers agricultural land uses. Two case studies were evaluated, using grape vineyards in the Napa
River and strawberry production in Newport Bay as examples. The predicted time to maturity corresponded well with actual data.
Irrigation and fertilizer needs were very sensitive to weather input. Although the model can generate weather from long-term
averages, the simulated results are best when at least observed precipitation and temperature are provided, to capture extreme
events. The model has data for 98 crops and 126 pesticides, based on the California Department of Pesticide Regulation database.
The databases are easily modifiable by the user to adapt them to local conditions. The output from AgInput is much needed
for watershed modeling and for development of total maximum daily loads (TMDLs), based on realistic targets of irrigation,
nutrient, and pesticide inputs. The model is available for free download at . 相似文献
22.
A.H.W. Beusen A.F. Bouwman P.S.C. Heuberger G. Van Drecht K.W. Van Der Hoek 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2008,42(24):6067-6077
Here we present an uncertainty analysis of NH3 emissions from agricultural production systems based on a global NH3 emission inventory with a 5×5 min resolution. Of all results the mean is given with a range (10% and 90% percentile). The uncertainty range for the global NH3 emission from agricultural systems is 27–38 (with a mean of 32) Tg NH3-N yr−1, N fertilizer use contributing 10–12 (11) Tg yr−1 and livestock production 16–27 (21) Tg yr−1. Most of the emissions from livestock production come from animal houses and storage systems (31–55%); smaller contributions come from the spreading of animal manure (23–38%) and grazing animals (17–37%). This uncertainty analysis allows for identifying and improving those input parameters with a major influence on the results. The most important determinants of the uncertainty related to the global agricultural NH3 emission comprise four parameters (N excretion rates, NH3 emission rates for manure in animal houses and storage, the fraction of the time that ruminants graze and the fraction of non-agricultural use of manure) specific to mixed and landless systems, and total animal stocks. Nitrogen excretion rates and NH3 emission rates from animal houses and storage systems are shown consistently to be the most important parameters in most parts of the world. Input parameters for pastoral systems are less relevant. However, there are clear differences between world regions and individual countries, reflecting the differences in livestock production systems. 相似文献
23.
24.
T. Bhattacharyya D.K. Pal A.S. Deshmukh R.R. Deshmukh S.K. Ray P. Chandran C. Mandal B. Telpande A.M. Nimje P. Tiwary 《Agriculture, ecosystems & environment》2011,144(1):222-234
Carbon content in soils changes depending on the land use system, type of management practice and time. There is an increasing concern about the soil quality vis-à-vis organic carbon content in soils due to global warming and enhanced CO2 concentration in the atmosphere. This has led to estimate carbon stock in soils at global and regional levels. The objective of the present study was to evaluate RothC model to estimate total organic carbon (TOC) changes under four long term fertilizer experimental sites representing sub-humid moist (Sarol and Nabibagh), sub-humid dry (Panjri) and semi-arid (Teligi) climate in India. The plant carbon input rate was calibrated using organic carbon and other soil parameters using RothC. The results showed that RothC could simulate changes in TOC in two contrasting eco-sites for surface soil layers. The root mean square error (RMSE) considered as modelling error ranged from 11.50 to 15.01, 4.70 to 11.60, 2.14 to 6.52 and 1.45 to 13.74 in the surface layers of Sarol, Nabibagh, Panjri, and Teligi sites, respectively. The simulation biases expressed by M (relative error) by Student‘t’ value for all the treatments at these sites were non-significant with two exceptions. Observed trends in TOC consist of an increase for all the four treatments in the sub-humid site of Sarol and Nabibagh; while manures alone or in combination increase TOC appreciably in Teligi and Panjri. TOC remained, however, almost similar over years for the control (no fertilizer or manure) and NPK treatments in all the four sites. Analysis of RothC output data showed that this model could be used as a tool to arrive at different threshold values of rainfall to influence decomposition rate modifier and thus to find out rate of organic carbon sequestration in various bioclimatic systems. 相似文献
25.
26.
Patrick Kormawa Augustin Munyemana Bio Soule 《Agriculture, ecosystems & environment》2003,100(2-3):129
Bénin, like other countries in sub-Saharan Africa, has initiated programs to reform agricultural input and output markets. While the impact of the reform programs has been different for each country, it is commonly observed that impact at the farm level has been less than anticipated. A central theme of this paper is to assess the impact of fertilizer market reforms on the fertilizer market structure and fertilizer use for both food and export (cotton) crop production in Bénin. This analysis of farm-level policy impact is based on data from 899 farm households randomly selected and interviewed in all six départements of Bénin in 1998/1999. Results of the study show that there have been only insignificant changes in the fertilizer market structure. Access to fertilizers has not improved; prices for fertilizer have risen in real terms, resulting in application rates lower than that recommended by extension agents. The effects of the reform programs are vital for investment decisions and provide lessons for introducing alternative approaches for improving soil fertility or management. Since 1992, 54% of farmers find maize (Zea mays L.) production more profitable, while 38% reported that cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) production has become more profitable. As a result of the mixed effects of the fertilizer market reform program on the level of fertilizer use and profitability, there is need to develop efficient soil fertility management strategies for small-scale farmers. Such strategies should incorporate the use of complementary inputs, such as seeds with a high level of response to the balanced nutrient package. 相似文献
27.
Yiqun Chen Fang Yu Shengwen Liang Zongping Wang Zizheng Liu Ya Xiong 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2014,34(11):2014-2021
Three reactors, ordinary, greenhouse, and solar, were constructed and tested to compare their impacts on the composting of municipal sewage sludge. Greenhouse and solar reactors were designed to evaluate the use of solar energy in sludge composting, including their effects on temperature and compost quality. After 40 days of composting, it was found that the solar reactor could provide more stable heat for the composting process. The average temperature of the solar reactor was higher than that of the other two systems, and only the solar reactor could maintain the temperature above 55 °C for more than 3 days. Composting with the solar reactor resulted in 31.3% decrease in the total organic carbon, increased the germination index to 91%, decreased the total nitrogen loss, and produced a good effect on pot experiments. 相似文献
28.
树脂包衣肥料残膜对土壤植物的影响及光降解膜肥料的研制 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
通过盆栽强化试验研究了树脂包衣肥料残膜对土壤容重及作物生长及土壤外观的影响;研究了光降解残膜在自然光下的降解;并探讨了残膜在土壤中的降解与积累模式。结果表明,土壤中残膜含量在0.1%~0.2%范围内时,对作物生长没有负面影响,甚至随着积累量的增加,还有增加作物产量的倾向,但随着土壤中残膜量的增加,对土壤外观有一定影响。添加光降解剂可以显著加快残膜的降解。由于降解现象的存在,残膜在土壤中的量不会无限制增加,而是呈抛物线型积累。残膜在表层土壤中积累的最大量不会超过某一临界值,该值的大小由每年包衣肥料的施用量、残膜露出土表的比例及降解量、损失量决定。 相似文献
29.
Hailan Wang Baoyu Gao Li an Hou Ho Kyong Shon Qinyan Yue Zhining Wang 《Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering》2021,15(6):135
30.
Improving human micronutrient nutrition through biofortification in the soil–plant system: China as a case study 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Micronutrient malnutrition is a major health problem in China. According to a national nutritional survey, approximately 24%
of all Chinese children suffer from a serious deficiency of iron (Fe) (anemia), while over 50% show a sub-clinical level of
zinc (Zn) deficiency. More than 374 million people in China suffer from goiter disease, which is related to iodine (I) deficiency,
and approximately 20% of the Chinese population are affected by selenium (Se) deficiency. Micronutrient malnutrition in humans
is derived from deficiencies of these elements in soils and foods. In China, approximately 40% of the total land area is deficient
in Fe and Zn. Keshan and Kaschin-Beck diseases always appear in regions where the soil content of Se in low. The soil–plant
system is instrumental to human nutrition and forms the basis of the “food chain” in which there is micronutrient cycling,
resulting in an ecologically sound and sustainable flow of micronutrients. Soil-plant system strategies that have been adopted
to improve human micronutrient nutrition mainly include: (1) exploiting micronutrient-dense crop genotypes by studying the
physiology and genetics of micronutrient flow from soils to the edible parts of crops; (2) improving micronutrient bioavailability
through a better knowledge of the mechanisms of the enhancers’ production and accumulation in edible parts and its regulation
through soil-plant system; (3) improving our knowledge of the relationship between the content and bioavailability of micronutrients
in soils and those in edible crop products for better human nutrition; (4) developing special micronutrient fertilizers and
integrated nutrient management technologies for increasing both the density of the micronutrients in the edible parts of plants
and their bioavailability to humans. 相似文献