福建省饮用水源地植被缓冲带建设规划研究

饮用水水源地是水环境的重要组成部分,是水环境功能区划中具有最高使用功能的水域。本研究通过对福建省饮用水源地保护区周边不同类型植被缓冲带的生态调查的基础上,对植被缓冲带的结构和布局、缓冲带宽度要求以及缓冲带植被选择和配置等要素方面进行设计,提出三种不同类型饮用水源地的植被缓冲带规划建设。本研究对于保护水源地水质,保障饮水安全和人民身体健康,促进资源的可持续利用和生态、环境的可持续保护有着重要的作用。     

黄河微污染原水预处理新方法的实验研究

利用沸石—活性碳组合填料生物滤池对黄河兰州段微污染原水预处理效果进行了实验研究,结果表明:在水力停留时间为40min,气水比为1∶1,水温为25~30℃的实验条件下,对NH4-N、CODMn、UV254、浊度、锰的平均去除率分别为95.0%、32.68%、9.42%、70.1%、91.3%,预处理效果明显,且具有较强的抗冲击负荷能力。     

Estimation of the amount of dry deposition in an urban area (Kobe city, Japan) by the inferential method

The amount of dry deposition of SO₂(g) and HNO₃(g) in an urban area in Japan has been estimated by the inferential method. The mean annual dry deposition of SO₂(g) (2.91 kgS/ha/year) was close to or less than that in the Clean Air Status and Trends Network (CASTNet) of the U.S. (3.59 kgS/ha/year). The mean annual dry deposition of HNO₃(g) (10.8 kgN/ha/year) was approximately six times larger than that in CASTNet (1.85 kgN/ha/year). The proportions of dry/(dry+wet) deposition for sulfur and nitrogen were 0.301 and 0.785, respectively.     

污染模型中参数订正的集合Kalman滤波扩展状态变量法

污染模型中不确定参数的精确订正对于提高模型的精度有着重要的意义。在集合Kalman滤波（EnKF）同化方法的基础上,提出了对模型中不确定参数进行订正的EnKF扩展状态变量法,将不确定参数看成和模型状态变量一样的量,根据观测资料对不确定变量进行订正,以达到订正参数的目的。采用一个简化的空气质量方程,对模型参数订正方案进行检验,结果证明,提出的方案可行和有效。同时发现,随着观测资料精度的提高,无论是参数还是模型的状态变量,估计分析值的精度也得到相应的提高。     

桉树人工林地力衰退防治研究──改全垦为带垦

主要讨论了桉树造林整地方式──全垦与带垦对桉树生长的影响,以及对土壤侵蚀、土壤养分和土壤物理性质的影响．研究结果表明,改全垦为带垦对防止桉树人工林地力衰退有积极作用．     

酶底物法与多管发酵法和纸片法监测环境水样大肠菌群的比较

用标准菌株对比了酶底物法和多管发酵法及快速纸片法,监测分析了分组环境水样中的大肠菌群。结果表明,酶底物法操作快速、简单、结果稳定、无二次污染,能满足水质监测和应急监测的需求。     

脱硫塔滤料遗失原因分析及防治措施

脱硫塔是天然气处理的关键设备之一,设备完好性、适用性直接影响天然气脱硫效果和产品质量.南堡作业区在用脱硫塔13 台,2013 年投用以来,底排污腔存在积液,弱化脱硫效果,影响脱硫塔正常运行,脱硫塔内部构件腐蚀损坏后导致塔内滤料漏失,影响下游天然气处理设备和管道平稳运行,本文以NP3-2 转油站内脱硫塔滤料遗失成功治理为...     

Transport of oxytetracycline,chlortetracycline, and ivermectin in surface runoff from irrigated pasture

The transport of oxytetracycline, chlortetracycline, and ivermectin from manure was assessed via surface runoff on irrigated pasture. Surface runoff plots in the Sierra Foothills of Northern California were used to evaluate the effects of irrigation water application rates, pharmaceutical application conditions, vegetative cover, and vegetative filter strip length on the pharmaceutical discharge in surface runoff. Experiments were designed to permit the maximum potential transport of pharmaceuticals to surface runoff water, which included pre-irrigation to saturate soil, trimming grass where manure was applied, and laying a continuous manure strip perpendicular to the flow of water. However, due to high sorption of the pharmaceuticals to manure and soil, less than 0.1% of applied pharmaceuticals were detected in runoff water. Results demonstrated an increase of pharmaceutical transport in surface runoff with increased pharmaceutical concentration in manure, the concentration of pharmaceuticals in runoff water remained constant with increased irrigation flow rate, and no appreciable decrease in pharmaceutical runoff was produced with the vegetative filter strip length increased from 30.5 to 91.5 cm. Most of the applied pharmaceuticals were retained in the manure or within the upper 5 cm of soil directly beneath the manure application sites. As this study evaluated conditions for high transport potential, the data suggest that the risk for significant chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline, and ivermectin transport to surface water from cattle manure on irrigated pasture is low.     

TRACE ELEMENTS IN NORTHERN GREAT PLAINS STRIP MINE AND LIVESTOCK IMPOUNDMENT WATER1

ABSTRACT: The water from 32 strip mine water impoundments and nine livestock watering ponds in North Dakota, South Dakota, and Wyoming were analyzed for trace elements. Because of the high concentrations of trace elements in coal and bentonite clay, the possibility exists for these elements to dissolve or be suspended in the water. Strip mine ponds were not significantly higher in trace element concentrations compared to livestock ponds. All but one of the 41 ponds sampled contained elemental concentrations that would be detrimental for livestock use or aquatic life use. Cadmium and lead were the elements most frequently in excess of water quality crieria. Lead was found in the study ponds about 35 times the median concentration of North American rivers. Manganese concentrations were found to exceed iron in many ponds, which is unusual in natural waters. The potential for detrimental concentrations of trace elements in pond water must be evaluated when designing land use management plans for ponds intended to be used by livestock or aquatic life.     

Grass‐Shrub Riparian Buffer Removal of Sediment,Phosphorus, and Nitrogen From Simulated Runoff1

Abstract: Riparian buffer forests and vegetative filter strips are widely recommended for improving surface water quality, but grass‐shrub riparian buffer system (RBSs) are less well studied. The objective of this study was to assess the influence of buffer width and vegetation type on the key processes and overall reductions of total suspended solids (TSS), phosphorus (P), and nitrogen (N) from simulated runoff passed through established (7‐year old) RBSs. Nine 1‐m RBS plots, with three replicates of three vegetation types (all natural selection grasses, two‐segment buffer with native grasses and plum shrub, and two‐segment buffer with natural selection grasses and plum shrub) and widths ranging from 8.3 to 16.1 m, received simulated runoff having 4,433 mg/l TSS from on‐site soil, 1.6 mg/l total P, and 20 mg/l total N. Flow‐weighted samples were collected by using Runoff Sampling System (ROSS) units. The buffers were very efficient in removal of sediments, N, and P, with removal efficiencies strongly linked to infiltration. Mass and concentration reductions averaged 99.7% and 97.9% for TSS, 91.8% and 42.9% for total P, and 92.1% and 44.4% for total N. Infiltration alone could account for >75% of TSS removal, >90% of total P removal, and >90% of total N removal. Vegetation type induced significant differences in removal of TSS, total P, and total N. These results demonstrate that adequately designed and implemented grass‐shrub buffers with widths of only 8 m provide for water quality improvement, particularly if adequate infiltration is achieved.