TILE RATIONALE FOR OHIO'S DETERGENT PHOSPHORUS BAN1

ABSTRACT: Ohio signed into law a detergent phosphorus ban on March 26, 1988. This law limits the elemental phosphorus content of household laundry detergents to 0.5 percent in all 35 Lake Erie counties in Ohio by 1990. Ohio's detergent phosphorus ban will help non-compliant municipal wastewater treatment plants achieve compliance with the 1 mg/L effluent phosphorus standard. By limiting the phosphorus content of household laundry detergents, Ohio will also benefit from less phosphorus entering surface waters from combined sewer overflows, communities with treatment plant bypasses, and riparian homes with septic tanks. This is important because most of the phosphorus in laundry detergents is in the bioavailable form and Ohio's Lake Erie shoreline is particularly sensitive to Cladophora problems. When viewed in conjunction with reduced chemical costs for phosphorus removal and savings in sludge disposal costs, Ohio's detergent phosphorus ban is a pragmatic component of an international phosphorus management strategy to protect the Great Lakes.     

STORMFLOW AND SEDIMENT LOSS FROM INTENSIVELY MANAGED FOREST WATERSHEDS IN EAST TEXAS1

ABSTRACT: Five small (4 ha) forested watersheds in East Texas were instrumented in December 1980 to determine the effect of forest harvesting, mechanical site preparation, and livestock grazing on stormflow, peak discharge rate, and sediment loss. After three pretreatment years, four of the watersheds were treated as follows: (1) clearcutting followed by roller chopping; (2) clearcutting following by shearing and windrowing; (3) clearcutting following by shearing, windrowing, and continuous grazing; and (4) clearcutting followed by shearing, windrowing, and rotational grazing. Clearcut harvesting and all site preparation treatments significantly increased stormflow, peak discharge, and sediment losses over the undisturbed condition. Roller chopping and shearing/windrowing had little impact on sediment loss from these watersheds and appears to be a sound forest conservation practice for gently sloping watersheds (> 8 percent). As applied, livestock grazing had minimal impact on stormflow and peak discharge. The moderately stocked continuously grazed treatment had little impact on sediment loss, but the high stocking density of the rotational grazing treatment increased sediment losses over the undisturbed condition. Sediment losses from these intensively managed forest watersheds, even though significantly greater than from undisturbed conditions, were within the range of sediment losses from undisturbed watersheds in the Southeast, below the range of losses from mechanically prepared watersheds elsewhere, and well below potential losses from pasture and cropland.     

福建省城市生活垃圾处理技术路线研究

本文在分析福建全省各市、县城市生活垃圾处理现状的基础上,建立了城市经济、生活垃圾性状特征、处理技术性能、环境要求四大评判指标及标准,并运用模糊数学决策法选择了适宜福建省“十一五”城市生活垃圾处理技术路线的方案。     

井下作业清洁生产的影响因素及综合治理措施

以江苏油田为例,从油水井维修前期、维修中期、污染物后续处理等方面分析了影响井下作业清洁生产的主要因素,介绍了该油田井下作业实施清洁生产的综合措施及井下作业清洁生产新工艺、新技术的基本原理。该油田在井下作业中实施了污油污水资源化处理技术,取得了较好的效果。此项技术对于石油企业推行清洁生产具有借鉴意义与推广价值。     

基于特定场地的挥发/半挥发有机化合物(VOC/SVOC)空间分布与修复边界确定

选择我国某典型的废弃化工污染场地为研究对象,在对场地全面调查的基础上,采用美国试验与材料学会(ASTM)规范的场地环境评价方法,对场地中污染物类型、污染程度和空间分布进行了描述.同时,以人体健康风险为基础对场地修复目标进行推算,并界定修复边界和测算污染土壤体积.结果表明,四氯化碳、四氯乙烯、五氯乙烷、六氯丁二烯、六氯乙烷和六氯苯等挥发/半挥发性有机化合物为场地土壤中的主要污染物类型,其含量超过我国现有标准.根据场地特性,以最大可接受风险水平1×10-4、1×10-5和1×10-6计算得出的修复目标值界定修复边界,场地中对应区域的污染土壤体积分别为20457、25600和37300m3.最后,根据综合场地利用规划和成本投入要求,对场地中污染土壤分类处理和修复提出了技术建议.     

有机氯农药企业搬迁遗留场地土壤中污染物的垂向分布特征

为了解农药企业搬迁遗留场地土壤中六六六(HCHs)和滴滴涕(DDTs)的垂向分布特征,在某有机氯农药企业搬迁遗留场地的不同功能区设置采样点,分层采集土壤样品并分析其污染物的垂向分布特征.结果表明,在表层、亚表层土壤样品中w(HCHs)和w(DDTs)较高,随着深度的增加土壤中w(HCHs)和w(DDTs)逐渐下降,但下降幅度呈现出一定的波动性.该场地土壤中的有机氯农药引起地下水污染的风险较低.通过研究污染物的组成发现,土壤中作为母体化合物的w(DDT)较低,其代谢产物w(DDD)和w(DDE)较高,HCHs异构体中β-HCH所占比例相对较高,表明过去生产期间的遗留是土壤中有机氯农药的主要来源.土壤理化性质与污染物含量间的相关性分析结果显示,位于西南部试验厂区土壤中w(HCHs)和w(DDTs)与w(有机质)相关性显著,说明该场地土壤中的有机质是影响有机氯农药分布的重要因素之一.      

城市生活垃圾的处理和防治污染对策

本文分析了发达国家和我国城市生活垃圾处理的现状，并以广州为例，提出了城市垃圾处置的一些问题，指出卫生填埋城市生活垃圾在我国有广阔的应用前景。     

RBCA和CLEA模型在某重金属污染场地环境风险评价中的应用比较

应用美国的RBCA模型和英国的CLEA模型对某重金属污染场地中的4种主要重金属污染物As,Cd,Pb和Zn进行健康风险评价,并利用克里格插值方法初步分析了案例场地中风险的空间分布特征.结果表明,RBCA和CLEA模型各有其优缺点,应根据场地的实际情况选择模型进行风险评价.该场地重金属污染的非致癌风险主要来自Pb和Cd,致癌风险主要来自As.尽管w(Zn)很高,但其风险很低,远低于可接受的风险水平.分别应用2种模型计算的风险在大部分情况下基本一致,尽管有一些差异,但均在同1个数量级之内.对于部分采样点的Cd的风险,2种模型的计算结果相差2个数量级,致使总非致癌风险的计算结果差异很大,这主要是由于2种模型在暴露途径的选取上的差异所致.从暴露途径的贡献率来看,地下水摄入途径引起的风险较高,贡献率为50%以上;蔬菜摄入途径引起的风险贡献率为20%左右.风险的空间分布也由于2种模型在暴露途径的选取上存在差异而表现出一定的不同.      

Tropical arboreal ant mosaics: innate attraction and imprinting determine nest site selection in dominant ants

The modalities of nest site selection have, until now, been a key factor missing in the understanding of the arboreal ant mosaic, the manipulation of which could be used to favour one ant species to the detriment of others in biological control. We compared two dominant African arboreal ants of economic importance, Tetramorium aculeatum (Myrmicinae) and Oecophylla longinoda (Formicinae). The two species differed in terms of innate attraction to nesting site plants, their hierarchies of attractiveness being nearly inverse. Winged females and workers were confronted with choice tests using four plant species. By using winged females and workers originating from one of the plants to be tested, we showed the existence of a familiarisation process which can supersede innate attraction in both species. We recorded the same effect in neonatal workers bred in the laboratory in contact with a tested plant for 25 days after emergence, while mature workers could not be conditioned. There is, therefore, early learning, with a sensitive period after which the influence of the environment ceases, suggesting that this is a true imprinting process. Choice tests using neonates produced from larvae and pupae bred in the laboratory in contact with the leaves of each tested plant permitted us to demonstrate the existence of pre-imaginal learning. Nest site selection therefore depends on innate selective attraction and on environmental factors whose effect begins at the larval stage. There is, therefore, the potential to “control” imprinting, allowing one ant species to be favoured to the detriment of others in monospecific tree crop plantations. Received: 25 May 1998 / Accepted after revision: 9 October 1998     

Ecological recovery of vegetation at a former industrial sludge basin and its implications to phytoremediation

Examination of a former industrial sludge basin containing organic pollutants showed that the basin had undergone substantial ecological recovery through natural forces following the removal of surface water in 1982. Conventional phases of ecological recovery (plant invasion and succession) have occurred, but the structure of the biodiverse plant community (51 species and 22 families) was different from that at a recovering non-polluted disturbed site. Three plant species (Bermuda grass, mulberry, and sunflower) believed to be early invaders of the basin still persist in large numbers indicating that these species are well suited to cope with normal environmental stresses at this area (i.e. seasonal drought and flood) as well as organic pollutants. There was an indication that early invaders of the site fostered disappearance of contaminants thereby creating more favorable conditions for a broader spectrum of plants to grow. Vegetation analyses of naturally vegetated hazardous waste sites hold promise as a screening device for identifying plant species and management practices worthy of further phytoremediation investigations.