碱消解法测定固体废物中六价铬的研究

用碱性消解液对固体废物进行预处理,所得消解溶液用火焰原子吸收光谱法进行测定。结果表明:该方法在0.00~8.00mg/L范围内呈良好线性关系,检出限为2.00mg/kg(样品以计2.5g计)。实际样品测定的RSD为1.37%~9.35%,加标回收率为85.5%~125%。消解溶液同时用二苯碳酰二肼分光光度法进行测定,结果显示,两种方法测定的结果没有显著差异,进一步说明了采用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定固体废物中Cr6+的准确性与可靠性。     

高压击穿电弧作用下开关柜内典型阻燃绝缘件引燃特性的实验研究

高压开关柜内的绝缘件失效故障,易引发火灾事故、区域停电甚至影响电网系统的稳定运行。基于高压击穿电弧模拟与材料引燃机理综合模拟实验平台,针对4 mm厚支柱绝缘子和固封极柱,开展了15 kV击穿电弧作用下的系列引燃实验研究。结果表明,高压电极横向击穿后,电弧迅速上翻形成自上而下“夹持”样品的倒“U”形弧柱,弧根与弧顶首先炭化或引燃。阻燃绝缘件样品顶部形成火焰后,随着燃烧的进行,逐渐从顶部形成穿透样品的内部击穿电弧,该电弧易诱发剧烈燃烧的水平喷射火焰。内部击穿电弧位置向下移动呈“2阶段”特征:在初始阶段较慢,支柱绝缘子和固封极柱样品内击穿点下移速度分别约为2.55 mm/s和1 .74 mm/s,而在第2阶段分别增大至78.50 mm/s和35.03 mm/s。此外,高压起弧瞬间,在紧邻电极上方的绝缘材料表面,升温速率可达180 ℃/s。研究结果可用于高压开关柜各类阻燃绝缘件的科学选型与优化设计,为开关柜防火安全性能的提升提供科学依据。     

Experimental study on water sealing of fire barriers and explosion venting of large-scale pipeline with low-concentration gas

Low-concentration gas transported in pipelines may lead to explosion accidents because gas with a concentration of less than 30% is prone to explode. To reduce the incidence of gas explosions, water sealing of fire barriers is implemented, and explosion venting devices are installed along the pipeline. To investigate their suppression effect on low-concentration gas explosion, experiments using methane–air premixed gas under different conditions were implemented on a DN500 pipeline test system. The effects of three types of explosion venting forms (rupture disc, asbestos board, and plastic film) on explosion overpressure and flame were compared and analysed. Results show that the rupture disc, asbestos board, and plastic film can achieve adequate explosion venting, causing the peak decay rates of explosion overpressure to reach 82.37%, 81.72%, and 90.79%, respectively. The foregoing indicates that the greater the static activation pressure of the explosion venting form, the higher the peak explosion overpressure at each measurement point. Moreover, the shorter the explosion flame duration, the greater the flame propagation velocity. The research results provide an essential theoretical foundation for the effective suppression of gas explosion accidents in the process of low-concentration gas transportation.     

Behavior of flames propagating through lycopodium dust clouds in a vertical duct

The structure of flame propagating through lycopodium dust clouds has been investigated experimentally. Upward propagating laminar flames in a vertical duct of 1800 mm height and 150×150 mm square cross-section are observed, and the leading flame front is also visualized using by a high-speed video camera. Although the dust concentration decreases slightly along the height of duct, the leading flame edge propagates upwards at a constant velocity. The maximum upward propagating velocity is 0.50 m/s at a dust concentration of 170 g/m³. Behind the upward propagating flame, some downward propagating flames are also observed. Despite the employment of nearly equal sized particles and its good dispersability and flowability, the reaction zone in lycopodium particles cloud shows the double flame structure in which isolated individual burning particles (0.5–1.0 mm in diameter) and the ball-shaped flames (2–4 mm in diameter; the combustion time of 4–6 ms) surrounding several particles are included. The ball-shaped flame appears as a faint flame in which several luminous spots are distributed, and then it turns into a luminous flame before disappearance. In order to distinguish these ball-shaped flames from others with some exceptions for merged flames, they are defined as independent flames in this study. The flame thickness in a lycopodium dust flame is observed to be 20 mm, about several orders of magnitude higher than that of a premixed gaseous flame. From the microscopic visualization, it was found that the flame front propagating through lycopodium particles is discontinuous and not smooth.     

Determination of traces of fluorine,chlorine, bromine,cadmium and lead in plastic materials

This paper describes the quantitative determination of F, Cl, Br, Cd and Pb in plastic materials. The concentration of the elements Cl, Br, Cd and Pb is first semiquantitatively measured by X‐ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF) directly in the solid sample with a detection limit of approximately 10 μg/g. Afterwards, F and any of the other elements which exceed the limit values for materials which are disposable without special precautions are measured after the digestion of the material. The samples are digested either under pressure in an oxygen atmosphere for F, Cl and Br or under pressure with nitric acid for Cd and Pb. The digestion converts the halides to the anions which are measured potentiometrically (F^‐, Br^‐) or with ion chromatography (Cl^‐). Cd and Pb are measured by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GF‐AAS). The determination limits achieved are 20 μg/g for F and Br, 250 μg/g for Cl, 0.01 μg/g for Cd and 0.2 μg/g for Pb, all below the limit values set by current regulations in Switzerland.     

Experimental study on the fractal characteristic of methane explosion flame

In this paper flame microstructures and propagation characteristic of methane explosion are studied by high speed schlieren photography technique. By experiment it shows that flame front surface and inner flow field of methane explosion has distinctly fractal characteristic, the effect of the wrinkle of flame front surface and inner reactants on flame propagation can be directly reflect by fractal dimensions. Fractal dimension has a direct relation to flame structure and flame propagation characteristics, and it is the important parameter to scale the flame propagation velocity and flame temperature.     

基于动态实验的玻璃钢原油管道结垢规律研究

为了研究玻璃钢管道在原油输送过程中的结垢问题,通过搅拌实验的方法对玻璃钢管道内的结垢情况进行了模拟实验,并运用Origin8.0绘图软件拟合得到了基于油品温度、流量以及流动距离的玻璃钢管道原油输送结垢计算公式;采用VB6.0编程语言,对所研究的内容及公式进行编程,通过与新疆HK玻璃钢管线现场清管运行参数对比,对结垢计算公式进行了修正。结果表明:由该程序计算所得玻璃钢管线结垢量情况以及不同位置在不同流量下的结构速率与实验结果吻合,因此,所编程序计算结果能够有效地为玻璃钢管线现场清管周期的确定提供理论依据。     

废弃泡沫塑料的疏浚泥固化处理技术的研究

提出采用疏浚泥固化技术治理由废弃泡沫塑料引起的白色污染 ,既可解决疏浚泥及废弃泡沫塑料对环境的污染 ,又可废物利用产生新型土工材料。研究这一方法的技术可行性 ,对其综合性技术经济效益进行了评价。     

含磷腰果酚基羟基型固化剂的合成及其阻燃环氧树脂的研究

随着环保意识的增强,开发高性能生物基环氧树脂以减少对石油基双酚A二缩水甘油醚(DGEBA)和4, 4’-二氨基二苯甲烷(DDM)的依赖越来越受到重视。基于腰果酚、苯酚、甲醛溶液和氯代磷酸二苯酯等原料合成了三种官能团数目可调控的腰果酚基羟基型固化剂(P1C1F-0.6DCP、P2C1F-0.6DCP和P3C1F-0.6DCP)并对其阻燃环氧树脂开展了相应的研究。垂直燃烧和极限氧指数(LOI)结果表明,DGEBA/P1C1F-0.6DCP、DGEBA/P2C1F-0.6DCP和DGEBA/P3C1F-0.6DCP均能通过V-0级别并且LOI值均在29%左右。锥形量热仪测试结果表明,DGEBA/P1C1F-0.6DCP、DGEBA/P2C1F-0.6DCP和DGEBA/P3C1F-0.6DCP的热释放速率峰值(pHRR)分别比DGEBA/DDM降低了68.4%、64.7%和70.7%。通过炭渣的形貌和结构分析,含磷腰果酚基羟基型固化剂的阻燃机理在于能够在燃烧过程中促进形成质量更高的炭渣,发挥更好的隔热、隔氧的效果。     

Boiling treatment of ABS and PS plastics for flotation separation

A new physical method, namely boiling treatment, was developed to aid flotation separation of acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene (ABS) and polystyrene (PS) plastics. Boiling treatment was shown to be effective in producing a hydrophilic surface on ABS plastic. Fourier Transform Infrared analysis was conducted to investigate the mechanism of boiling treatment of ABS. Surface rearrangement of polymer may be responsible for surface change of boiling treated ABS, and the selective influence of boiling treatment on the floatability of boiling treated plastics may be attributed to the difference in the molecular mobility of polymer chains. The effects of flotation time, frother concentration and particle size on flotation behavior of simple plastic were investigated. Based on flotation behavior of simple plastic, flotation separation of boiling treatment ABS and PS with different particle sizes was achieved efficiently. The purity of ABS and PS was up to 99.78% and 95.80%, respectively; the recovery of ABS and PS was up to 95.81% and 99.82%, respectively. Boiling treatment promotes the industrial application of plastics flotation and facilitates plastic recycling.