Development of a mitigation system against hydrogen-air deflagrations in nuclear power plants

A novel mitigation system against hydrogen-air deflagrations in nuclear power plant buildings is proposed and developed through a series of field experiments using explosion vessels of different volume sizes. The mitigation system is installed on the outer surface of the vessels, and it comprises flame arrester and explosion air bag. The flame arrester is made by stacking 10–20 sheets of fine-mesh wire screens, and the air bag is connected for holding explosion gas. The successful mitigation mechanism is the sequence of pressure-rise reduction by the air bag expansion, flame quenching by the flame arrester, and the slow burning of the gas mixture sucked from the air bag back into the vessel due to the negative pressure caused by the rapid condensation of water vapor inside the vessel. Necessary conditions for the successful mitigation system are discussed, and the practical unit size of flame arrester sheet is recommended.     

Determination of the performance limits of flame arresters at increased oxygen concentrations

This investigation shows how an increased oxygen concentration influences the performance limits of crimped ribbon deflagration flame arresters at elevated pressures. An evaluation of the maximum experimental safe gap (MESG) as reliable criterion for describing the performance limits under non-atmospheric conditions is given. Measurements of MESGs and flame arrester performance tests were performed. Various fuel/oxygen/air mixtures containing ethylene and propane were used as testing gases. Former studies on the pressure dependence and the influence of oxygen on the MESG were initially confirmed. Furthermore, performance tests using a commercial deflagration flame arrester revealed that such a flame arrester may prevent flame transmission also at non-atmospheric conditions within a limited range. For various oxygen concentrations the performance limits were reached at the same MESG. Hence, it can be assumed that a flame arrester possesses a device- and fuel-specific maximum experimental safe gap for a specific gas mixture in different concentrations and at different pressures. This performance-related maximum safe gap can be used as a parameter for estimating and describing the performance limits of a flame arrester. It offers an attempt to simplify the testing and qualification of deflagration flame arresters for non-atmospheric conditions.     

火源位置对腔室火流动特性影响的实验研究

腔室火流动特性是影响腔室火灾蔓延与通风状况的重要因素。通过一系列小尺度腔室火实验,研究了火源位置变化对腔室火流动特性的影响。实验结果表明,随着火源沿腔室底部从壁面向开口方向移动,在开口中性面以上,同一高度处压差与流速增大,中性面高度和烟气层高度均降低,并导致开口质量流率增大。与火源强度相比,火源位置变化对烟气层高度的影响更为显著。火源位置对中性面高度及烟气层高度的影响在壁面处及开口处更为显著,腔室中部位置变化的影响相对较小。火源由壁面向开口移动,会造成火焰高度降低和水平伸长量增加。基于实验数据,给出了考虑耦合火源位置的腔室内火焰水平伸长量的表达式。研究结果可为相关场景下的腔室火灾理论模型提供实验结果支撑。     

Sorption-desorption behavior of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in soils

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are flame retardants that are commonly found in commercial and household products. These compounds are considered persistent organic pollutants. In this study, we used 4,4′-dibromodiphenyl ether (BDE-15) as a model compound to elucidate the sorption and desorption behavior of PBDEs in soils. The organic carbon-normalized sorption coefficient (K_OC) of BDE-15 was more than three times higher for humin than for bulk soils. However, pronounced desorption hysteresis was obtained mainly for bulk soils. For humin, increasing concentration of sorbed BDE-15 resulted in decreased desorption. Our data illustrate that BDE-15 and probably other PBDEs exhibit high sorption affinity to soils. Moreover, sorption is irreversible and thus PBDEs can potentially accumulate in the topsoil layer. We also suggest that although humin is probably a major sorbent for PBDEs in soils, other humic materials are also responsible for their sequestration.     

Dietary intake of hexabromocyclododecane diastereoisomers (α-, β-, and γ-HBCD) in the Belgian adult population

A study was performed to assess exposure of the Belgian population to HBCD diastereoisomers. Measurements of HBCD were performed by UPLC-MS/MS, on 45 composite samples from 5 major food groups: dairy (products), meat (products), eggs, fish (products) and a group of “other” products. The medium bound estimated average daily intake (EDI) of ΣHBCD in the Belgian population was 0.99 ng kg⁻¹ bw d⁻¹. The diastereoisomer contribution to the mean EDI showed a predominance of γ-HBCD at 67%, followed by α-HBCD at 25% and 8% for β-HBCD. These results are consistent with the pattern found in the two food groups contributing the most to the EDI: meat (products) and the group of “other” products. Anyway, it has to be noted that diastereomeric distribution of HBCD can change due to bioisomerisation in biological material. Levels of HBCD diastereoisomers found in Belgian food samples of animal origin were low in comparison with those found in other EU countries and the resulting EDI was substantially below the proposed thresholds.     

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and alternative brominated flame retardants in air and seawater of the European Arctic

The spatial distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and several alternative non-PBDE, non-regulated brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in air and seawater and the air-seawater exchange was investigated in East Greenland Sea using high-volume air and water samples. Total PBDE concentrations (Ó₁₀PBDEs) ranged from 0.09 to 1.8 pg m⁻³ in the atmosphere and from 0.03 to 0.64 pg L⁻¹ in seawater. Two alternative BFRs, Hexabromobenzene (HBB) and 2,3-dibromopropyl-2,4,6-tribromophenyl ether (DPTE), showed similar concentrations and spatial trends as PBDEs. The air-seawater gas exchange was dominated by deposition with fluxes up to −492 and −1044 pg m⁻² day⁻¹ for BDE-47 and DPTE, respectively. This study shows the first occurrence of HBB, DPTE and other alternative flame retardants (e.g., pentabromotoluene (PBT)) in the Arctic atmosphere and seawater indicating that they have a similar long-range atmospheric transport potential (LRAT) as the banned PBDEs.     

木材表面火蔓延特性的动态测量研究

通过模拟实验,对不同工况下木材表面的火蔓延特性进行了动态测量研究。首先应用火焰结构显示技术连续观察和记录了木材表面的火蔓延行为和火焰的热结构;其次,利用温度示踪技术对火蔓延过程进行了动态观测,进而获取了在不同条件下的火蔓延速度并分析讨论了木材表面火蔓延的机理。     

粒子系统算法在建筑火灾可视化研究中的应用

论述了采用粒子系统建立火灾虚拟现实系统火灾现象的可视化表现原理、算法及特殊处理方法 ,为进一步研究火灾虚拟现实系统 ,提供基础理论和技术支持 ,也是培训消防人员技能和公众火灾自救互救、应急逃生能力的科学方法     

天然蛋白杂化硅溶胶阻燃棉织物的制备及燃烧性能分析

采用溶胶-凝胶法,以正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)为前驱体、乙醇(C_2H_5OH)为溶剂、盐酸(HCl)为催化剂,1-γ-甲基丙烯酰氧基丙基三甲氧基硅烷(KH570)为偶联剂制备SiO_2单一、复合和明胶(C_(102)H_(151)O_(39)N_(31))杂化溶胶,利用激光粒度仪对溶胶粒径进行测定。采用浸渍-烘焙过程将溶胶后整理棉织物。利用热重分析(TG)、极限氧指数(LOI)、扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、傅里叶变换红外光谱分析(FTIR)对整理前后棉织物热解特性、阻燃性能、表面微观形貌、表面元素组成和官能团分布进行测试和表征,探讨明胶杂化溶胶阻燃效应和机理。结果发现:溶胶粒径分布表明纳米SiO_2-KH570-明胶之间发生了化学键紧密结合,缩合生成Si-O-Si和氢键;SEM、FTIR和XPS分析表明具有明胶杂化组分的硅基溶胶在织物表面形成紧密涂层,呈现一定化学结合状态;TG分析表明,该结合状态对热稳定性影响显著,杂化溶胶后整理织物热解残炭率较原始棉织物提高872%,SiO_2-KH570和SiO_2-明胶复合溶胶体系间存在协效性;LOI分析表明,SiO_2-KH570-明胶杂化溶胶阻燃效应最佳,LOI最高为25.2,对应ΔLOI/Δm最高为4.80 g~(-1),SiO_2单一溶胶和明胶及SiO_2-KH570复合溶胶和明胶间体现明显协同效应;明胶可单方面提升SiO_2单一溶胶及SiO_2-KH570复合溶胶的凝胶化效应,促进三维微观骨架涂层结构形成,提升燃烧过程中棉织物脱水成炭作用。     

金属网阻火器设计参数的优化选择

就不同的火焰速度，应采用合理的金属同参数进行了研究，得出了临界消焰速度和金属网形状系数（ｄ／Ｗ）以及金属同层数之间的实验式。提出了网与网之间的理想间隔，并研究出多层金属网的最佳故数。按照本文提出的有关论据，便可在设计金属网阻火器时，对有关参数进行优化选择。