Catalytic decomposition of hydrocarbon into hydrogen and carbon in a spouted-bed reactor as the second-stage reactor of a plastic recycling process

A two-stage process for the chemical recycling of plastics is proposed. In this process, which consists of two reactors, plastics are converted into hydrogen and carbon. In the first reactor, plastic chips are thermally decomposed into hydrocarbons. In the second reactor, the hydrocarbons formed in the first reactor are catalytically decomposed into carbon and hydrogen. In this study, in order to obtain basic data for the second reactor, propene was catalytically decomposed in a laboratory-scale spouted-bed reactor (600mm high, 21.6mm internal diameter, made of SUS304). The effect of the type of spouting medium used on the decomposition behavior of propene was investigated using four types of spouting medium (nickel-plated -alumina, palladium-plated -alumina, nickel-impregnated -alumina, and -alumina). The nickel-impregnated -alumina gave the best propene conversion and hydrogen yield.     

我国城市生活垃圾的处理和发展趋势

城市生活垃圾给城市环境造成了严重污染，威胁了城市居民的生存环境和经济、社会的可持续发展。目前，国内采取的垃圾处理技术主要有卫生填埋、焚烧、堆肥等，热解技术由于具有资源回收率高、二次污染小、综合效益好等优点，越来越适合我国中小城市的垃圾处理。垃圾气化技术的研究成为当今世界的热点。此外，我国对垃圾衍生燃料的研究也刚刚起步。为促进城市持续、稳定的发展，提出了垃圾分类收集、分拣、综合利用垃圾处理技术的措施。     

Introduction of a waste incineration tax: Effects on the Swedish waste flows

A tax on waste-to-energy incineration of fossil carbon in municipal solid waste from households was introduced in Sweden on July 1, 2006. The tax has led to higher incineration gate fees. One of the main purposes with the tax is to increase the incentive for recycling of materials, including biological treatment. We investigate whether and to what extent this effect can be expected. A spreadsheet model is developed in order to estimate the net marginal cost of alternative waste treatment methods, i.e., the marginal cost of alternative treatment minus avoided cost of incineration. The value of the households’ time needed for source separation is discussed and included. The model includes the nine largest fractions, totalling 85% (weight), of the household waste currently being sent to waste incineration: food waste, newsprint, paper packaging, soft and hard plastic packaging, diapers, yard waste, other paper waste, and non-combustible waste. Our results indicate that the incineration tax will have the largest effect on biological treatment of kitchen and garden waste, which may increase by 9%. The consequences of an incineration tax depend on: (a) the level of the tax, (b) whether the tax is based on an assumed average Swedish fossil carbon content or on the measured carbon content in each incineration plant, (c) institutional factors such as the cooperation between waste incinerators, and (d) technological factors such as the availability of central sorting of waste or techniques for measurement of fossil carbon in exhaust gases, etc. Information turns out to be a key factor in transferring the governing force of the tax to the households as well improving the households’ attitudes towards material recycling.     

三相生物流化床处理低C/N污水的亚硝化过程控制研究

将短程硝化与生物流化床相结合,采用低碳氮比的人工合成污水进行启动,考察进水COD、氨氮、DO、p H对硝化和亚硝化过程的影响。研究表明,较短的水力停留时间(HRT)和较少的接种污泥量有利于生物膜的生长,能够成功实现生物流化床的快速启动。高进水氨氮浓度有助于反应器实现亚硝酸盐的积累,但是这种积累并不稳定。当反应器中p H为7.5~8.1,ρ(DO)为1.5~2.5 mg/L时,最大亚硝化率达到75%左右,氨氮去除率达85%以上。出水NO-2-N和NO-3-N浓度随进水COD浓度的增加而减少;当进水COD浓度为50 mg/L时,出水硝酸盐浓度急剧减少,亚硝酸盐浓度有所降低,反应器发生同步硝化反硝化脱氮现象。     

生活垃圾与危险废物的焚烧工艺及污染防治措施比较

比较、归纳、总结了生活垃圾和工业危废焚烧项目在生产工艺、污染源产生及治理、污染物排放标准等方面的异同点,提出必须重视废气排污口设施与在线监测仪器的安装,应完善事故防范措施与应急预案等检查要求,为环保部门验收监测、监督管理工作提供技术支持.     

垃圾焚烧发电厂脱硝技术及应用

介绍了垃圾焚烧烟气烧脱硝控制的主要技术及应用情况,以及非催化还原技术的应用实例,采用该技术,氮氧化物排放值可满足现阶段排放要求。     

An Experimental Study on the Treating River Sewage with New Bioreactor

A new bioreactor on the basis of a dynamic fluidized bed was designed, which combines advantages of the fluidized bed and a biological contactor. The experiments of start up, normal operation and parameter adjustment are carried out. The results show that the bioreactor can be quickly started up in the condition that the fill is 50%, the hydraulic retention time is 72 min, aerate speed is 2.5 m3/h, rotation-cage rotated speed is 1.5 r/min, and the removal rates of chemical oxygen demand （CODcr） and Ammonia nitrogen （NH3-N） are 75.34% and 80.98% respectively. The influence of the operation parameter on removal rates of the bioreactor is analyzed, and an appropriate operation parameter is provided.     

Fe-NaA分子筛膜的制备及催化湿式H2O2氧化甲基橙溶液

采用湿法造纸、二次生长和湿法浸渍法合成了一种新型微纤复合Fe-NaA分子筛膜催化剂,并将其用于催化湿式H_2O_2氧化甲基橙溶液.首先通过湿法造纸和烧结工艺制备纸状烧结不锈钢微纤(PSSF)载体,然后采用二次生长法在PSSF上合成NaA分子筛膜,最后以九水硝酸铁(Fe(NO_3)_3·9H_2O)和微纤复合NaA分子筛膜为原料,利用湿法浸渍法制备微纤复合Fe-NaA分子筛膜催化剂.考察了连续固定床反应器中温度、床层高度、进料液流量和甲基橙入口浓度对甲基橙降解性能的影响,并测定了催化剂重复使用3次后的稳定性.结果表明,随温度及床层高度增加,甲基橙转化率先增加然后趋于稳定;随进料液流量增加,甲基橙转化率均大于95%,但COD脱除率略有降低,当流量分别为2、3和4 mL·min~(-1),固定床连续运转5 h时COD脱除率分别为81.9%、76.4%和69.8%;随甲基橙入口浓度增加,其转化率变化幅度很小.在pH=2、催化剂床层高度2.0 cm、温度70℃、进料液流量4 mL·min~(-1)、甲基橙浓度50～200 mg·L~(-1)、固定床连续运转5 h的条件下,甲基橙转化率超过96%,COD转化率大于67%,铁浸出浓度低于4 mg·L~(-1).催化剂被重复使用3次后,甲基橙转化率基本保持不变.     

温度和DO对MBBR系统硝化和反硝化的影响

在缺氧/好氧/好氧串联运行的移动床生物膜反应器（MBBR）系统中考察了温度和好氧反应器中溶解氧（DO）水平对生物膜硝化和反硝化过程氮素去除的影响,并通过高通量测序技术探究温度和DO的变化造成的MBBR系统中脱氮功能菌群结构的差异,从而在微观水平解释硝化和反硝化受温度和DO影响的生物学机理.结果表明,系统温度的升高可以同时强化生物膜硝化和反硝化过程,且好氧反应器中DO水平的提高对硝化过程有利,从而提高系统的脱氮效果.本研究中,在系统连续运行阶段,当系统温度和好氧O₁反应器的DO浓度为本研究范围内的最高水平时（即温度=20~22℃、DO=5~8mg O₂/L）,比硝化负荷可达1.60g NH₄⁺-N/（m²·d）以上,而相同温度范围内比反硝化负荷可高达2.84g NO₃^--N/（m²·d）,从而使MBBR系统在该工况条件下获得了最佳的NH₄⁺-N和TN去除率（分别达到了98.7%和85.7%）.温度和DO影响硝化和反硝化的根本原因是温度和DO变化引起了脱氮功能菌群数量和群落结构的改变：当好氧反应器的DO水平下降时,硝化功能细菌的OTUs比例显著降低,尤其是异养硝化细菌的生长受到了严重的抑制;而温度的变化对反硝化细菌的影响主要体现在群落结构的变化.