一体式厌氧-好氧流化床反应器同步脱氮除硫实验

采用一体式厌氧-好氧流化床反应器处理含氮和含硫化物的废水,分别考察了硫氮比(硝氮和亚硝氮)、碳氮比(氨氮)等因素对同步脱氮除硫效果的影响,并对厌氧区固体产物进行了分析.实验结果表明:混养条件下获得了较好的脱氮、脱硫、去除COD的效果;s2-浓度增加对厌氧COD去除、反硝化过程无显著影响;当S2-浓度小于4.6mmol·L-1时,对厌氧氨氮去除有一定的促进作用.S/N(NO-3-N和NO-2-N)在0.2～1.7范围内.可以获得20%～75%单质硫转化率.C/NH4 4-N的降低对厌氧脱氮效果无明显影响,但可促进硫化物的去除.X射线衍射分析表明,厌氧区固体产物为单质硫.好氧进水中硫化物浓度增加对好氧区COD去除影响不明显,但S2-浓度大于15mg·L-1时会对硝化过程产生明显抑制.     

氯化剂对超细颗粒物与重金属共生成特性的影响

以循环流化床反应器为实验平台,研究了焚烧温度为850℃下添加剂（NH₄Cl和KCl）对超细颗粒物与重金属共生成特性的影响.结果表明：NH₄Cl和KCl的存在均会降低超细颗粒物的数量浓度,但KCl的效果更佳,发挥的是阶梯式或者协同式作用.此外,添加比例为3%时对超细颗粒物数量浓度的降低最为明显.重金属Cr,Mn,Ni主要通过夹带方式形成超细颗粒物;而重金属Pb,Cu,Zn则主要通过蒸发、冷凝和吸附方式累积在超细颗粒物中.无机氯在焚烧过程中可以作为颗粒之间良好的粘合剂,促进超细颗粒物之间的成长和团聚,同时促进其表面形态的生长.此外,K的存在会促进细模态颗粒物之间的凝聚成长,使得细模态颗粒物的峰值增大,而NH₄⁺的存在会降低粗模态颗粒物的峰值.本研究可为污泥等废物热处理过程中重金属与超细颗粒物的协同控制提供借鉴.     

稻壳灰中温热处理稳固化垃圾飞灰重金属

利用稻壳灰与某垃圾电厂产生的飞灰为原料,对飞灰和稻壳灰与飞灰的混合物进行中温热处理,探究热处理工艺参数对稻壳灰稳固化垃圾飞灰重金属的影响.在一定温度范围内,反应主要产物为CSSF（即Ca₁₀（SiO₄）₃（SO₄）₃F₂）、Ca₃SiO₅等硅酸盐结晶相,这些物质会包覆重金属,同时,飞灰重金属Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd中相对不稳定的酸溶态和可还原态向更稳定的可氧化态或残渣态转变,使Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd的浸出浓度显著降低;热处理时间延长,稻壳灰添加量增加,会使热处理样中硅酸盐种类增多,结晶度提高,导致重金属的浸出浓度逐渐降低;稻壳灰添加量在2%~4%范围内,经中温热处理样品的重金属浸出浓度较低,添加量过高时（超过6%时）,重金属浸出浓度逐渐升高.     

Influence of combustion-originated dioxins in atmospheric deposition on water quality of an urban river in Japan

Bulk (wet and dry) deposition samples were collected in Saitama Prefecture, Japan throughout a year (February 8, 2012 to February 7, 2013) to estimate the influence of dioxins emitting from waste incinerators on river water quality. The annual deposition flux of dioxins was 3.3 ng-toxic equivalent (TEQ)/m²/year. Source identification using indicative congeners estimated that 82% of dioxin TEQ in the bulk deposition (2.7 ng-TEQ/m²/year) was combustion-originated, indicating that most of the dioxins in the deposition were derived from waste incinerators. In Saitama prefecture the annual flux of combustion-originated dioxins in depositions was apparently consistent with that of dioxin emission into the air from waste incinerators. The TEQ of combustion-originated dioxins in the deposition per rainfall was 2.4 pg-TEQ/L on annual average, exceeding the environmental quality standard (EQS) for water in Japan of 1 pg-TEQ/L. This suggests there is a possibility that dioxins in atmospheric deposition have a significant influence on the water quality of urban rivers which rainwater directly flows into because of many paved areas in the basins. The influence of combustion-originated dioxin in the deposition on the water quality of Ayase River, an urban river heavily polluted with dioxins, was estimated at 0.29 pg-TEQ/L on annual average in 2015. It seems that dioxins in atmospheric deposition from waste incinerators have a significant influence on water quality of some urban rivers via rainwater though the dioxins in the ambient air have achieved the EQS for atmosphere at all monitoring sites in Japan.     

Removal of hydrophobic volatile organic compounds with sodium hypochlorite and surfactant in a co-current rotating packed bed

A co-current flow rotating packed bed was applied to remove volatile organic compounds(VOCs) by sodium hypochlorite(Na Cl O) and surfactant(sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate,SDBS) from air stream. Xylene was used as a model VOC herein. The effect of p H,concentration of Na Cl O and SDBS solution, liquid flow rate, gas flow rate and rotational speed on xylene removal efficiency and overall mass transfer coefficient(KGa) were discussed. Then, a correlation for KGa of the co-current rotating packed bed was proposed by fitting the experimental data of KGa and independent variables of liquid/gas ratio,rotational speed, p H, Na Cl O concentration and treatment time, which was in good agreement with the experimental data(the deviation ≤± 30%).     

Selection of cost-effective magnesium sources for fluidized struvite crystallization

Struvite crystallization has been considered a promising approach to recover phosphorus from wastewater. However, its practical application is limited, probably because of the high cost of magnesium(Mg). In this study, a comprehensive economic analysis was conducted using five Mg sources(MgCl_2, MgSO_4, MgO, Mg(OH)_2, and bittern) during the operation of a pilot-scale fluidized bed reactor(FBR), using swine wastewater as the case matrix. First, the economic operating conditions were investigated, and subsequently, the performance and the costs of the five Mg sources were compared. The results indicated that the FBR could be operated most economically at pH of 8.5 and Mg to phosphorus(Mg/P) molar ratio of 1.5. Under these conditions, no significant differences in phosphorus removal and product quality could be found between the five Mg sources. Selecting the most economical Mg source was thus highly dependent on the prices of the reagents and Mg sources. Low-solubility Mg sources were preferable when NaOH was priced higher, while high-solubility Mg sources proved more economical when HNO_3 was expensive. The bittern was the most economical choice only when the distances for total inorganic orthophosphate removal and struvite recovery were shorter than 40 and 270 km, respectively. The current study provides an overview of the economic selection of an Mg source, which can help reduce the cost of struvite crystallization.     

我国城市生活垃圾处理处置全过程大气排放研究进展

2016年我国城市生活垃圾的年清运量突破2×108 t,并且在未来一段时间内仍会呈现上升趋势.虽然近年来我国城市垃圾无害化处理率年均增幅超过10%,但随着城市化进程的不断深入,庞大的垃圾产生量给现有城市垃圾处理系统造成巨大挑战,同时使垃圾处理处置过程中大气温室气体及污染物排放逐渐引起社会关注,如2010年我国垃圾焚烧导致大气污染物NO_x、SO₂、CO、颗粒物的排放量分别为28、12 062、6 500、4 654 t等.充分调研现有垃圾处理处置全过程大气排放的研究,总结我国城市生活垃圾收集、转运到最终处理处置大气排放物种多样、排放分散的现状,结合现有研究覆盖范围有限、研究物种稀少的局限,同时为进一步推进大气排放清单系统化和精细化的进程,提出以下建议和展望:①核算城市和地区垃圾转运过程中的大气环境成本和压缩空间;②进一步完善并扩充垃圾焚烧多种有毒有害大气污染物（如二英、重金属元素及挥发性有机物等）排放特征测试和排放清单的研究;③在完善生活垃圾填埋场温室气体排放时空分布特征的同时,健全生活垃圾填埋场颗粒物及挥发性有机物等典型大气污染物排放清单相关研究.      

流动床生物膜反应器在污水处理中的应用研究现状

给出了流动床生物膜反应器的定义、分类及其特点 ,并对各种流动床生物膜反应器的优缺点及近年来在污水处理中的应用状况进行了总结 ,根据实际应用效果 ,提出了各类反应器的适用处理对象     

利用人工湿地脱除废水中氨氮和磷的统计分析

论述了利用人工湿地脱除废水中氨氮和正磷酸盐类污染物的统计分析,调查基于国外文献报道的研究数据和实际运行数据.结果表明,污染物输入和输出浓度关系可以由线形规律获得关联,这些污染物因子脱除动力学也可以用适于BOD降解的Kichuth一级脱除方程来描述.由不同人工湿地关联的一级动力学常数具有较好的相关性.     

染料工业废水零排放的可行性研究

染料废水是目前难治理的工业废水之一.通过对某染料厂还原蓝生产废水的研究,提出了利用残余硫酸制取硫酸亚铁水处理剂,滤渣在一般锅炉内焚烧的综合利用和治理工艺.从而探索和实践了少污染,回收利用等综合治理污染的工艺,力求尝试一种“零排放”和“绿色化学”的化工生产过程.