垃圾焚烧中硫化合物对重金属Pb迁移分布影响

采用管式炉和模拟垃圾对垃圾焚烧中硫化合物(包括S、Na2S、Na2SO3、Na2SO4)、焚烧温度、重金属初始加入浓度以及焚烧停留时间对Pb迁移分布的影响进行了研究.使用ICP-AES分析技术(美国EPA消解方法)对重金属浓度进行测量.结果表明,垃圾焚烧中4种硫化合物的加入均使得Pb在底渣中的分布比例比未加入硫化合物时的分布比例降低.Pb在底渣中的分布比例随加入S和Na2S含量的增加而减少,相应地在飞灰中的分布随S和Na2S加入量的增加而增加,而Pb的迁移分布比例受Na2SO3和Na2SO4含量变化的影响不显著.温度的升高使得Pb向飞灰中的分布比例逐渐增加,整个试验温度范围内Pb在烟气中的分布均为0.初始浓度的增加也使Pb在底渣中的分布比例逐渐升高,飞灰中的分布比例逐渐下降.停留时间的增加会使得Pb在底渣中的分布比例降低,相应地在飞灰中的分布比例会增加.     

Biosorption characteristics of unicellular green alga Chlorella sorokiniana immobilized in loofa sponge for removal of Cr(Ⅲ)

Loofa sponge (LS) immobilized biomass of Chlorella sorokiniana (LSIBCS), isolated from industrial wastewater, was investigated as a new biosorbent for the removal of Cr(Ⅲ) from aqueous solution. A comparison of the biosorption of Cr(Ⅲ) by LSIBCS and free biomass of C. sorokiniana (FBCS) from 10-300 mg Cr(Ⅲ)/L aqueous solutions showed an increase in uptake of 17.79% when the microalgal biomass was immobilized onto loofa sponge. Maximum biosorption capacity for LSIBCS and FBCS was found to be 69.26 and 58.80 mg Cr(Ⅲ)/g biosorbent, respectively, whereas the amount of Cr(Ⅲ) ions adsorbed onto naked LS was 4.97 mg/g. The kinetics of Cr(Ⅲ) biosorption was extremely rapid and equilibrium was established in about 15 and 20 min by LSIBCS and FBCS,respectively. The biosorption equilibrium was well defined by Langmuir adsorption isotherm model. The biosorption kinetics followed the pseudo-second order kinetic model. The biosorption was found to be pH dependent and the maximum sorption occurred at the solution pH 4.0. Desorption studies showed that 98% of the adsorbed Cr(Ⅲ) could be desorbed with 0.1 mol/L HNO3, while other desorbing agents were less effective in the order: EDTA ＞ H2SO4 ＞ CH3COOH ＞ HCl. The regenerated LSIBCS retained 92.68% of the initial Cr(Ⅲ) binding capacity up to five cycles of reuse in continuous flow-fixed bed columns. The study revealed that LSIBCS could be used as an effective biosorbent for the removal of Cr(Ⅲ) from wastewater.     

污泥焚烧技术的研究进展

与堆肥、填埋等污泥处理方法相比,污泥焚烧具有减容、减量和无害化等优点,是一种较好的污泥处理方法。对目前国内外污泥焚烧发展状况进行了分析,并根据污泥焚烧分类,介绍了污泥焚烧技术的研究及进展,最后提出污泥焚烧是我国污泥处理的新趋势的观点。     

Effects of temperature on pyrolysis products of oil sludge

Temperature is the determining factor of pyrolysis, which is one of the alternative technologies for oil sludge treatment. The effects of final operating temperature ranging from 350 to 550°C on pyrolysis products of oil sludge were studied in an externally-heating fixed bed reactor. With an increase of temperature, the mass fraction of solid residues, liquids, and gases in the final product is 67.00%–56.00%, 25.60%–32.35%, and 7.40%–11.65%, and their corresponding heat values are 34.4–13.8 MJ/kg, 44.41–46.6 MJ/kg, and 23.94–48.23 MJ/Nm³, respectively. The mass and energy tend to shift from solid to liquid and gas phase (especially to liquid phase) during the process, and the optimum temperature for oil sludge pyrolysis is 500°C. The liquid phase is mainly composed of alkane and alkene (C₅–C₂₉), and the gas phase is dominantly HC_S and H₂.     

三相生物流化床去除有机物的混合与传递过程分析

本文以含酚废水为对象,详细分析了三相生物流化床去除有机物的混合与传递过程特性.结果表明,小直径生物粒子的流态化接触为微生物提供了巨大的栖覆表面并拥有较高的生物浓度,气泡搅拌,大气泡的尾迹提升,促进了生物流化床的混合,减小了传质阻力,提高了生物反应速率.生物载体上污染物的自析效应是流化床上部污染物浓度局部回升的主要原因.     

Upstream Turbulence Effect on Pollution Dispersion

Experiments have been carried out to investigate turbulence at and above roof-level in an urban environment, and to predict the behaviour of street pollution from experiments using dye dispersion, for different roughness conditions and bed geometries. The flow in the boundary layer above an idealised urban environment has been simulated in a laboratory water flume. Comparisons have been made for the same model street canyon with and without the presence of upstream roughness. In the tests reported here, model street canyons were aligned perpendicular to the flow direction, and velocity measurements made within and above the model street canyons using a laser Doppler velocimeter (LDV). Flow visualisation techniques have also been used to confirm the gross flow features from streak images. Turbulence generated from the upstream roughness has a significant effect on the turbulence production and dispersion behaviour of the dye simulating pollution in street canyons.     

初论地表粗糙度

粗糙度是流体力学引进的一个重要参数,是现代地球表面各种物质流运动研究中不可或缺的一个重要概念。它在定床流动中曾获得巨大的成功,但在动床及所谓零位移较大的粗糙面上,表现出其局限性。文章在系统阐述了空气动力学意义上粗糙度概念的由来及其物理意义;在总结某些学科领域中粗糙度的应用成果基础上,发现对于定床,地表粗糙具有地表阻力系数特性,它比地表物体群落平均高度小一个量级;而对于动床,粗糙度则更具有阻力系数的特性,它与超出临界摩阻之值成正比;至于植被地表的粗糙度则近似于定床,但它要从零平面位移高度算起。因此,地表粗糙度概念的进一步完善应从地表阻力系数和实验研究入手,并加强自然界和室内实验室的观测和实验以获得相应系数的变化规律,最终解决粗糙度本身和流体力学相关的理论和实践问题。     

植物净化床对双龙湖水体有机污染物的去除效果分析

通过对双龙湖A、B两座植物净化床2004年6月至2005年5月间的进出水监测数据进行分析,确定植物净化床对水体有机污染物去除效果的年际变化。结果表明,A、B两座植物净化床对CODMn、总磷(TP)、氨氮(NH3-N)、总氮(TN)均有很好的去除效果,对CODMn的平均去除率为71.41%和72.58%,出水水质平均为2.47和2.36mg·L-1;TP的平均去除率为83.01%和84.70%,出水水质平均为0.033和0.037mg·L-1;NH3-N的平均去除率为89.28%和90.30%,出水水质平均为0.125和0.141mg·L-1;TN的平均去除率为60.90%和65.48%,出水水质平均为1.204和1.268mg·L-1。对硝态氮(NO3-N)的去除效果较差,平均去除率为6.91%和32.47%,出水水质平均为0.407和0.637mg·L-1。分析CODMn、TP、NH3-N、TN和NO3-N去除效果的季节变化发现,各指标的去除效果和季节变化有一定关系。最后,作者对植物净化床的运行控制提出了相关建议。     

水生植物滤床去除富营养化湖泊水中微囊藻毒素的研究

水生植物滤床(HFB)是一种用于净化富营养化水体的新型无基质型人工湿地系统。为考察HFB系统对水体中微囊藻毒素的处理效果,在太湖湖滨进行了中试研究。结果表明,在7—9月份,总藻毒素去除率在36.5%~75.8%之间,平均去除率为59.4%;胞外藻毒素平均去除率为50.0%;胞内藻毒素平均去除率为63.9%。不同植物组合型式的HFB系统对总藻毒素去除效果无显著差异。在水力负荷1.0~6.0m3/(m2·d)范围内,HFB系统去除藻毒素效果也无显著差异。系统对藻毒素的去除效果与富营养化指标(叶绿素-a、CODMn、TP)的处理效果成直线正相关性,藻毒素可作为一辅助指标从健康效应角度来反映富营养化水体水质改善情况。HFB系统在水源地藻毒素污染控制方面具有应用价值。     

粗媒体颗粒流化床半干法烟气脱硫

开发了粗媒体颗粒流化床半干法烟气脱硫技术。在流化床内加入惰性粗媒体颗粒，改善脱硫剂与烟气的接触。延长脱硫剂在床内的停留时间，促进脱硫反应进行，提高脱硫效率和脱硫剂利用率。以工业用石灰石为脱硫剂，实验研究了粗媒体颗粒的加入量及其他操作条件对此过程脱硫效率的影响。结果表明：随着粗媒体颗粒粒径减小及床内加入量增加，烟气脱硫效率提高；随着Ca／S增大、饱和接近度降低、空速及脱硫剂颗粒粒径减小，脱硫效率提高。当粗媒体颗粒的静止床高为122mm，饱和接近度为15～18℃、空速为2850h^-1、钙硫比为1．0—1．1、脱硫剂粒径为64μm时，脱硫效率可达90％以上。