汝溪河浮游硅藻功能群特征及其与环境因子相关性分析

基于不同水文期特点,分别在平水期(2014年4月)、丰水期(2014年7月)、枯水期(2014年12月)对三峡库区支流汝溪河的浮游硅藻及理化参数进行采样监测,应用功能群分类和数理统计分析等手段,探讨汝溪河不同水文期浮游硅藻功能群特征及其与环境因子间的相互关系.结果表明:3个水文期,汝溪河共发现浮游硅藻功能群10个,分别为A、B、C、D、L_o、MP、P、T_B、X3、S1类群,其中种类最多的功能群是MP类群,数量最多的是D类群.多元逐步回归分析发现,影响平水期功能类群密度最重要的环境因子为总氮(TN);与丰水期功能群密度显著相关的环境因子为透明度(SD);浊度(Tur)、碱度和pH以及电导率则是影响枯水期功能群密度的主要环境因子.RDA分析结果显示,影响汝溪河浮游硅藻功能群多样性的主要环境因子含水温(WT)、电导率(Spc)、氧化还原电位(ORP)、溶解氧(DO)、硝态氮(NO_3~--N)等.因此,功能群能较好反映汝溪河的生境特点,而氮营养元素对汝溪河浮游植物功能群变化及水质的影响应引起关注.     

胞外聚合物对活性污泥吸附去除全氟辛烷磺酸（PFOS）的影响

采用活性污泥和去除胞外聚合物(EPS)污泥作为吸附剂,探讨污泥吸附PFOS的机制和EPS在吸附过程中的作用.结果表明,活性污泥和去除EPS污泥吸附PFOS均符合准二级动力学方程,平衡吸附量(q_e)分别为0.46 mg·g~(-1)和0.38 mg·g~(-1),化学吸附占主要作用.吸附等温线可以用Freundlich、Langmuir及Temkin方程拟合.Ca~(2+)和Cu~(2+)通过离子架桥作用促进PFOS在污泥上的吸附.活性污泥吸附去除PFOS的效果明显优于去除EPS后的污泥.傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)和X射线光电发射光谱(XPS)分析吸附前后的污泥官能团变化,发现去除了EPS的污泥中羟基、羧基和氨基活性基团减少,而这些基团是PFOS吸附过程中参与反应的主要成分.由此可见污泥EPS中蛋白质含有的羧基和氨基活性基团为PFOS提供了吸附反应位点,EPS在吸附过程中起到至关重要的作用.     

Socioeconomic evaluation of the impact of natural resource stressors on human-use services in the Great Lakes environment: A Lake Michigan case study

The Great Lakes watershed is home to over 40 million people (Canadian and U.S.) who depend on a healthy Great Lakes ecosystem for economic, societal, and personal vitality. The challenge to policymakers and the public is to balance economic benefits with the need to conserve and replenish regional natural resources in a manner that ensures long term prosperity. Nine critical broad-spectrum stressors of ecological services are identified, which include pollution and contamination, agricultural erosion, non-native species, degraded recreational resources, loss of wetlands habitat, climate change, risk of clean water shortage, vanishing sand dunes, and population overcrowding. Many of these stressors overlap. For example, mining activities alone can create stress in at least five of these categories. The focus groups were conducted to examine the public’s awareness of, concern with, and willingness to expend resources on these stressors. This helped generate a grouping of stressors that the public is especially concerned about, those they care little about, and everything else in between. Stressors that the respondents have direct contact with tend to be the most important to them. This approach of using focus groups is a critical first step in helping natural resource managers such as Trustees and NGOs understand what subsequent steps to take and develop policy measures that are of most interest and value to the public. Skipping or glossing over this key first task could lead to difficulties with respect to survey design and model development in a non-market valuation study. The focus group results show that concern related to pollution and contamination is much higher than for any of the others. It is thus clear that outreach programs may be necessary to educate the public about the severity of some low-ranked stressors including climate change.     

Risk factors affecting crash injury severity for different groups of e-bike riders: A classification tree-based logistic regression model

IntroductionAs a convenient and affordable means of transportation, the e-bike is widely used by different age rider groups and for different travel purposes. The underlying reasons for e-bike riders suffering from severe injury may be different in each case.MethodThis study aims to examine the underlying risk factors of severe injury for different groups of e-bike riders by using a combined method, integration of a classification tree and a logistic regression model. Three-year of e-bike crashes occurring in Hunan province are extracted, and risk factor including rider’s attribute, opponent vehicle and driver’s attribute, improper behaviors of riders and drivers, road, and environment characteristics are considered for this analysis.ResultsE-bike riders are segmented into five groups based on the classification tree analysis, and the group of non-occupational riders aged over 55 in urban regions is associated with the highest likelihood of severe injury among the five groups. The logistics analysis for each group shows that several risk factors such as high-speed roads have commonly significant effects on injury severity for different groups; while major factors only have significant effects for specific groups.Practical applicationBased on model results, policy implications to alleviate the crash injury for different e-bike riders groups are recommended, which mainly include enhanced education and enforcement for e-bike risky behaviors, and traffic engineering to regulate the use of e-bikes on high speed roads.     

Just Blowing Smoke? Residents’ Social Construction of Communication about Wildfire

This study uses social constructionism as a basis for understanding the effectiveness of communication about wildfire risk between agency officials and wildland–urban interface (WUI) residents. Risk communication literature demonstrates a well-documented difference in the way land managers and stakeholders conceptualize risk. This is especially true of fire because management of these hazards have changed so drastically in past decades; fire managers have typically struggled to clearly articulate the current management policy to the public or integrate their specific knowledge in the risk management process. This study contributes to an understanding of how WUI residents construct communication about wildland fire and agency effectiveness in communicating the new era of fire inclusion. Specifically, we explore the personal and professional sources of information residents’ use to understand their fire risk and the subjects they would like more information about. We also explore the continued viability of Smokey Bear, the most enduring symbol of fire management.     

Fabrication of supported acid catalytic composite fibers by a simple and low-cost method and their application on the synthesis of liquid biofuel 5-ethoxymethylfurfural

In this paper, sulfonic groups functionalized annealed bio-based carbon microspheres loaded polytetrafluoroethylene (A-BCMSs-SO3H@PTFE) fibers with high activity, high stability, and easy regeneration were successfully fabricated by a simple method using low-cost raw materials. The characterization results showed that the annealed biomass carbon microspheres derived from waste Camellia oleifera shells were evenly distributed on the polytetrafluoroethylene fibers and the sulfonic groups can be successfully loaded on the surface of annealed biomass carbon microspheres by room temperature sulfonation. Subsequently, the as-prepared A-BCMSs-SO3H@PTFE fibers were applied to the acid-catalyzed synthesis of liquid biofuel 5-ethoxymethylfurfural. The catalytic experiment results indicated that the annealing temperature and time during catalyst preparation have a significant effect on the activity and selectivity of A-BCMSs-SO3H@PTFE fibers. The results of catalytic reaction kinetics showed that the yield of 5-ethoxymethylfurfural can reach more than 60％after 72 h of acid-catalyzed reaction. The stability test showed that the as-prepared A-BCMSs-SO3H@PTFE fibers still maintained a stable acid catalytic activity after four recycles.     

五大连池水体氮和磷代谢相关的微生物类群分异特性

为阐明东北典型湖库水体中与氮和磷代谢相关的微生物类群的时空分布及其与主要水质指标的相互关系,以五大连池为重点研究对象,调查水体中4种细菌生理类群——AB(氨化细菌)、DNB(反硝化细菌)、OPB(有机磷分解菌)和IPB(无机磷溶解菌)的分布特征.结果表明:4种细菌生理类群数量季节变化规律明显,其中AB,OPB和IPB均在夏季达到峰值,平均值分别为2.8×105,1.1×104和1.6×104 CFU/mL,而DNB的数量则是在秋季相对较高,平均值为1.3×103 mL-1;同时不同点位之间微生物类群的分布也存在一定的差异性.微生物类群与相关水质指标之间的统计分析表明,水体中AB的数量与ρ(TN)和ρ(NH3-N)密切相关,相关系数(r)分别为0.813(P<0.05)和0.933(P<0.01);OPB和IPB的数量与ρ(TP)呈显著正相关;相比ρ(NO3--N)而言,DNB与ρ(NO2--N)之间的相关性更为明显(r=0.846,P<0.05).      

壬基酚对一株铜绿假单胞菌吸附镉的影响

考察壬基酚（NP）对一株从重金属污染场地筛选出的铜绿假单胞菌X吸附镉（Cd）的影响,在NP浓度分别为0、1.0、10.0mg/L条件下,通过优化吸附条件,研究X菌的Cd²⁺吸附效果.结果表明,NP与Cd²⁺共存时,在Cd²⁺初始浓度为1.0mg/L的溶液中,菌体的最佳投菌量和pH值为1.0g/L和7.0,吸附2h,吸附率可达90.0%左右.失活菌与活菌的吸附结果表明失活菌的吸附能力较活菌强.NP浓度对吸附的影响结果表明,低浓度NP对菌株吸附Cd²⁺的抑制作用较小,高浓度NP时抑制作用较大.通过分析X菌处理单一Cd²⁺及Cd²⁺-NP复合污染后的红外光谱图可知,菌体表面的羟基O-H键、酰胺C-N键和N-H键和氨基均参与吸附反应,并且高浓度NP对菌体表面基团活性影响较大,从而影响其对Cd²⁺的吸附.     

洞庭湖浮游藻类功能群的组成特征及其影响因素研究

2013年3月、6月、9月及12月采集了洞庭湖11个断面的浮游藻类,并对所采集的藻类进行了功能群划分,结果显示,洞庭湖的浮游藻类可以分为24个功能群：A、B、C、D、E、F、G、H1、J、L_O、L_M、M、MP、N、P、S1、S_N、T、W1、W2、X1、X2、X3、Y,所反映的生境特征主要表现为对分层敏感、频繁扰动且混合程度较高的浑浊型中-富营养型水体.不同时期调查的藻类优势功能群存在明显差异,其中,B（中营养水体、对分层敏感）、D（较浑浊的浅水水体）、J（混合型高富营养浅水水体）、MP（扰动频繁的浑浊型浅水水体）、P（混合程度较高中富营养浅水水体）、Y（广适性）在四次调查中的优势度均>0.02,成为洞庭湖的绝对优势功能群,洞庭湖藻类优势功能群不同时期的演替规律为：3月MP+P+D+B经6月MP+J+P+D+B与9月MP+J+P+D+B+L_O+Y转变成12月MP+J+D+Y.CCA分析结果显示,洞庭湖藻类功能群分布受水环境因子影响较为明显.整体上,T、pH值、DO、COD_Cr、NH₃-N及TP是影响洞庭湖藻类功能群分布格局的主要因素.     

Determination of chemical characterizations of activated carbons from various raw materials

The objectives of this research were to identify the surface chemical features of activated carbons made of peat, bituminous coal and coconut shell, as well as examine the specific relationship of these properties by using statistical analyses. The results showed that the peat carbons contained much more amounts of Ca, S, P and Mg; however, the bituminous carbons possessed higher contents of Si, Al and Fe. In addition, the content ratios of Al to Si exhibited the Al enrichment phenomenon occurred after the heat treatment. A nonlinear correlation between the pH value and the difference in the amounts of basic and acidic groups was developed. Unfortunately, there were no specific mass ratios found among the acidic functional groups. The results of correspondence analysis (CA) gave a promising confirmation about the EDXRF analysis; moreover, the results of factor analysis (FA) fairly agreed with the findings suggested by CA. Both could explain the specific chemical features of activated carbons made from different materials, especially the CA could differentiate each other in detail.