污染场地修复技术筛选方法及应用

污染场地修复技术的筛选是场地监管中的重要环节,修复技术的适用性直接影响场地修复效果及费用.确定最适修复技术时需综合考虑污染物特征、场地条件、修复费用及时间等多种因素,目前我国在污染场地修复技术筛选时多依赖专家赋值评分,在决策方法的推广上受到限制.本文在国内外相关研究基础上,考虑我国污染场地监管需求,提出土壤修复技术初筛及详细评价方法,并建立了修复技术筛选指标体系.为解决在各指标赋值及评价过程中存在的模糊性问题,利用可拓理论进行修复技术等级划分.以我国某铬渣污染场地为例,开展了土壤修复技术筛选研究,提出了最适的修复技术,研究成果可为我国污染场地监管工作提供科技支撑.     

糠醛渣对水中甲基橙的吸附性能

为了探究糠醛生产中的废料糠醛渣对水体中甲基橙的吸附性能和吸附机制,利用FT-IR（傅里叶变换红外光谱）和SEM（扫描电镜）对糠醛渣的结构特性进行表征,浅析糠醛渣对甲基橙的吸附机制;通过模拟试验,考察了吸附剂用量、pH、吸附时间和温度等因素对糠醛渣吸附甲基橙过程的影响;采用吸附动力学模型和吸附等温模型,进一步探讨了糖醛渣吸附机制.结果表明:①糠醛渣结构疏松多孔,表面具有丰富的官能团,有利于吸附.②糠醛渣能高效吸附水中甲基橙,在温度为293 K、pH为4~9、吸附剂用量为0.2 g时,糠醛渣对400 mg/L的甲基橙吸附效果最好;吸附过程在60 min左右达到平衡,并且较好地符合准二级动力学模型（R2=0.999 9）;吸附量随温度的升高而减少,表明该吸附过程为放热过程;在293 K时最大理论吸附量为54.35 mg/g,吸附数据更符合Langmuir吸附等温模型（R2=0.993 3）,表明糠醛渣对甲基橙的吸附主要为单层吸附.③糠醛渣可再生重复利用,吸附甲基橙后的糠醛渣用0.1 mol/L氢氧化钠溶液进行解吸再生试验,第5次使用时对甲基橙仍然具有较好的吸附效果.研究显示,糠醛渣在室温条件下、较宽的pH范围内能快速高效地吸附水中的甲基橙,并且重复利用性好,是一种在偶氮染料废水处理中具有发展前景的廉价、可再生生物质吸附材料.      

两种抗生素菌渣经SEA-CBS技术处理后的肥料特性

抗生素菌渣的环境无害化利用处置目前已成为行业和政府管理部门亟待解决的难题.为有效实现抗生素菌渣的资源化利用,开展了经SEA-CBS高效复合资源化利用技术制成的吉他霉素和螺旋霉素菌渣有机肥理化特性研究,并分析了未施肥、施加不同比例的商品肥和菌渣有机肥对苦苣生长的影响.结果表明:吉他霉素和螺旋霉素菌渣有机肥的pH分别为6.59和7.92,含水率分别为5.21%和10.60%,抗生素残留均未检出;吉他霉素菌渣有机肥中w（Cr）、w（Pb）和w（As）相对较高,分别为33.40、7.05和1.57 mg/kg,而w（Cd）（0.34 mg/kg）和w（Hg）（低于0.002 mg/kg）相对较低;两种抗生素菌渣有机肥的总养分含量均在5%以上,w（有机质）均大于80%,均符合NY 884—2012《生物有机肥》及NY 525—2012《有机肥料》中的相关限值.植株生长试验研究发现,施加1%和3%的吉他霉素菌渣有机肥时,苦苣的株高、鲜质量和干质量均优于未施肥处理,且株高均大于施入商品肥处理;施加1%螺旋霉素菌渣有机肥下苦苣生长性能优于未施肥情况.研究显示,SEA-CBS技术可有效去除菌渣中残留的抗生素,并实现抗生素菌渣的资源化利用.      

福美胂在苹果树上的残留

调查了两个果园１５～２０年树龄的苹果树在连续用福美胂喷涂７～１０年后树根、树皮、枝条、叶片、果实和土壤的砷含量，并和未使用福美胂的果树含量做了比较。结果表明，果实中有砷积累，但未超过食品卫生标准。使用福美胂的树皮、技条、叶片中砷含量比未使用福美胂的高儿倍～十几倍，树皮和短梢叶含量最高。枝条和叶片与树皮的砷含量有密切正相关。土壤表层虽有轻度积累，但不会对土壤生态环境有太大影响。     

Marketing issues related to waste-grown aquatic foods

Environmental Management - Are societal wastes all bad? Some of them, including heat from power plants and certain organic wastes, have been demonstrated to be potentially valuable for growing...     

The development of aid agency policy on the use of imported biscuits in emergency relief

During 1985 more than 5,000 tonnes of biscuits consisting of twenty-eight different brands were sent to Ethiopia and Sudan for emergency relief feeding. They were freely available to recognized agencies operating feeding programmes. Biscuits were popular with programme supervisors as few resources (fuel, staff and personnel) were required for their preparation and distribution. They were also popular with beneficiaries.
Different aspects of biscuits were examined and characteristics considered important included: nutritional composition, acceptability to beneficiaries, packaging, the biscuit dimensions, shelf-life and accompanying information (nutritional composition, ingredients and guidelines for use).
The results of a field study indicated that biscuits have a limited, but useful, role to play in the early stages of emergency relief. Based on the study, guidelines for both donors and users, on the use of food aid biscuits were developed, which emphasize their joint responsibility in minimizing the misuse of biscuits.     

改性麦草秸秆对水中磷酸根吸附效果的研究

为实现农作物秸秆资源化,解决水体富营养化问题,将麦草秸秆化学改性成一种可以有效吸附水体中磷酸根的阳离子型吸附剂.考察了吸附剂投加量、磷酸根溶液初始pH、温度等因素对吸附效果的影响,分析了改性麦草秸秆对磷酸根的吸附动力学过程和吸附机理.结果表明,在吸附剂投加量为4 g·L-1和磷酸根溶液初始pH为4.0～7.5条件下,改性麦草秸秆对磷酸根的吸附效果最好,去除率均高于90%;改性麦草秸秆对磷酸根的吸附符合Freundlich等温模式,饱和吸附容量为2.38 mmol·g-1;吸附过程符合一级反应动力学方程,为快速反应过程;反应活化能为12.6 kJ·mol-1,反应速率对温度的变化不敏感.     

转cry1Ab基因水稻中毒蛋白的表达、分泌及其在土壤中的残留

研究了转cry1Ab基因水稻(克螟稻)中Cry1Ab毒蛋白的表达、根系分泌及其在土壤中的残留规律.结果表明,分蘖始期至成熟期,克螟稻地上部和根部中的Cry1Ab毒蛋白的表达量(FW)分别为3.23～8.22 μg/g和0.68～0.89 μg/g.生育期间克螟稻根系分泌的Cry1Ab毒蛋白含量仅为1.66～48.02 ng/(株·d).试验证实,克螟稻根际土中的Cry1Ab毒蛋白残留含量低于检测限(<0.5ng/g 干燥土).生物测定还表明,克螟稻根际土及其提取液对棉铃虫初孵幼虫和3龄幼虫不产生致死性效应.相对于Cry1Ab毒蛋白的根系分泌转移,克螟稻秸秆还田对土壤环境的影响应引起重视.     

The moral residue of conservation

Should conservationists use lethal management to control introduced wildlife populations? Should they kill individual animals to protect endangered species? Are trade-offs that prioritize some values at the expense of others morally appropriate? These sorts of ethical questions are common in conservation. In debating such questions, conservationists often seem to presume 1 of 2 possible answers: the act in question is right or it is wrong. But morality in conservation is considerably more complex than this simple binary suggests. A robust conservation ethic requires a vocabulary that gives voice to the uncertainty and unease that arise when what seems to be the best available course of action also seems to involve a measure of wrongdoing. The philosophical literature on moral residue and moral dilemmas supplies this vocabulary. Moral dilemmas arise when one must neglect certain moral requirements to fulfill others. Under such circumstances, even the best possible decision leaves a moral residue, which is experienced emotionally as some form of grief. Examples of conservation scenarios that leave a moral residue include management of introduced rabbits in Australia, trophy hunting in Africa, and forest management trade-offs in the Pacific Northwest. Moral residue is integral to the moral experience of conservationists today, and grief is an appropriate response to many decisions conservationists must make. Article impact statement: Defensible conservation decisions may neglect moral requirements, leaving a moral residue; conservationists should respond with grief.     

绿磺隆对水稻的残留危害剂量

用田间模拟试验法，研究了土壤中绿磺隆不同添加量与水稻危害剂量的关系。结果表明：稻田绿磺隆添加量超过０．３７５ｇ（ＡＩ）／ｈｍ￣２时，就可能对水用产生危害，在此用量水平下，绿磺隆在耕层土壤中的平均残留浓度为０．１７μｇ／ｋｇ，按此推算，麦田按正常用量的２倍量（３０ｇ／ｈｍ￣２）施用，在种麦期间绿磺隆在麦田土壤中的半衰期超过３２．１ｄ．即会对水稻产生危害。