1,4-二氯苯在褐土中的残留量变化及对几种土壤酶活性的影响

1,4-二氯苯(1,4-DCB)作为农药和化工产品生产的原料和中间体,在环境中的含量越来越多.采用气相色谱法对不同浓度1,4-DCB处理后土壤中药物残留量进行了测定;对1,4-DCB处理后褐土土壤中几种重要的氧化还原酶(多酚氧化酶、过氧化氢酶、脱氢酶)和脲酶活性进行测定,用其改变来反应1,4-DCB残留对土壤生态系统的影响.结果发现:在1,4-DCB处理30 d后,土壤中1,4-DCB残留保持在44%~50%;1,4-DCB处理后土壤中多酚氧化酶活性呈现先升高后降低的现象,酶活性峰值因作用时间和作用浓度不同而不同.与多酚氧化酶活性改变趋势不同,1,4-DCB处理后土壤脱氢酶活性降低.两种酶活性与1,4-DCB处理浓度之间均具有一定的浓度-效应和时间-效应关系.与多酚氧化酶和脱氢酶活性变化结果不同,1,4-DCB处理后土壤脲酶和过氧化氢酶的活性则随着处理浓度升高和处理时间延长而升高.因此,土壤中不同酶活性对1,4-DCB污染产生了不同的响应.     

温度和停留时间对DDT污染土壤热脱附效果的影响

采用热处理方法分别对自配DDT及其衍生物(DDTs,包括p,p'-DDT、o,p'-DDT、p,p'-DDD和p,p'-DDE)污染土壤在5个温度(100,200,300,400,500℃),6个停留时间(5,10,20,30,40,50 min)下的DDTs去除率及热处理前后的DDTs残留浓度变化进行了研究。研究结果表明:热脱附对DDTs污染土壤修复效果显著。当温度达到300℃以上时,热脱附技术的优势开始显现。300℃下40 min时的DDTs去除率与400℃及500℃处理10 min时相当,均能达到97%以上。对热处理前后土壤中DDTs的残留浓度进行检测,结果表明:土壤中的主要污染成分p,p'-DDT在200℃以上时大量减少,主要转化为p,p'-DDE。p,p'-DDE在200～300℃时大量生成,400～500℃被去除。根据能耗分析结果得出较佳热处理条件为400℃,10 min。     

中国各区域秸秆资源可能源化利用的潜力分析

在我国能源需求迅速增长并日益依赖国际市场的背景下,能源化利用秸秆资源是我国缓解能源短缺的重要选择之一。论文在综合相关研究成果的基础上,对我国不同区域农作物秸秆可能源化利用的潜力及资源密度进行了分析。研究表明,2009年中国农作物秸秆理论资源量为7.48×10⁸ t,可获得资源量为6.34×10⁸ t,可能源化利用量为1.52×10⁸ t。中国可能源化利用秸秆资源区域分布极不均匀。长江中下游、东北、华北等区域可能源化利用秸秆潜力较大,分别为0.42×10⁸、 0.37×10⁸和0.35×10⁸ t,青藏高原、黄土高原和西南可能源化利用秸秆资源潜力较低。根据各区域可能源化利用秸秆资源密度,论文对不同省份建造较大规模秸秆发电企业或燃料乙醇企业的适宜性进行了分析。     

滴滴涕农药高温热残留特性

为探明滴滴涕农药的热处理特性,利用高温管式炉,对600～1 200 ℃7个温度段下的滴滴涕农药在残渣和尾气中的残留进行了研究.结果表明:在800 ℃时,DDT去除率(η_DDT)≥99%,在1 100 ℃时,η_DDT≥99.9%.在残渣中,DDT是主要的农药残留物,其中p,p′-DDD占残渣中DDTs总量的比例在温度≤1 000 ℃时随温度升高而增加,但在温度＞1 000 ℃后却随温度升高而递减.在尾气中,p,p′-DDE随温度升高逐渐成为尾气中的主要残留物.除DDTs之外,在温度≤600 ℃的尾气中,有机物残留物多为脂肪烃;在700～900 ℃的尾气中,兼有芳烃衍生物和脂肪烃;而在1 000～1 200 ℃的尾气中,残留物则多为芳烃衍生物.      

糠醛废渣制备活性炭对糠醛废水的脱色研究

以水蒸气为活化剂,用热解糠醛废渣制备活性炭,着重研究了所制备的活性炭对糠醛废水的脱色性能. 结果表明:糠醛废渣制备的活性炭对糠醛废水脱色的最佳温度为50 ℃,并且在很短的时间内即可完成,该活性炭与糠醛废水混合搅拌15 min后,脱色率几乎不再变化. 由于采用糠醛废渣制备活性炭的成本较低,可以适当增加活性炭的投加量以提高糠醛废水的脱色率. 当活性炭投加量为10 g/L时,50 ℃条件下搅拌10 min,糠醛废水脱色率可达到86.65%. 经活性炭脱色后的糠醛废水无色、透明,以去离子水为参比溶液测定其吸光度,与自来水相当.      

高效氯氟氰菊酯在玉米和土壤中的残留及消解动态

研究了济南和哈尔滨两年两地的玉米Zea maysL.经高效氯氟氰菊酯种子处理微囊悬浮剂拌种后,高效氯氟氰菊酯在玉米植株、籽粒和土壤中的最终残留量,以及在玉米植株和土壤中的降解动力学规律。结果表明,高效氯氟氰菊酯最终残留在植株、籽粒和土壤中的质量分数分别是〈0.005mg·kg-1、〈0.001mg·kg-1和≤0.053mg·kg-1;在土壤中的降解符合一级动力学方程,降解半衰期19.6～28.1d,消解速率哈尔滨慢于济南,这可能与土壤含水量和气温等有关。本研究为制定该农药在玉米上最大残留限量标准和合理使用准则以及风险评估提供了科学依据。     

Leveraging foodways for health and justice

ABSTRACT

The global industrial food system is increasingly recognised as a source of poor health that deepens social and economic inequity. Health advocates, policy makers, and food activists strive to improve nutrition and food access across racial and ethnic divides; however, given established approaches, they may miss fundamental pathways for improving health and justice comprehensively. While food access and nutrition are often identified as primary concerns for marginalised communities and the reason for food insecurity and food-related illness, critical food justice scholars use a more expansive lens to suggest a democratised food system is needed, and that solutions based solely in access to healthy food can undermine more systemic approaches. Our research extends this analysis, highlighting the importance of endemic food culture (foodways) as a tool for retaining identity, building community, and maintaining health among refugee populations in one community in Salt Lake City, Utah. Further, this work suggests that community engagement and expertise is essential in leveraging foodways such that marginalised communities can effectively resist cheap, unhealthy, and placeless calories.     

Biorefinery study of availability of agriculture residues and wastes for integrated biorefineries in Brazil

Brazil has a great potential for use renewable raw materials in biorefineries. It is one of the largest producers of agricultural and animal commodities, which produce large amounts of residues and wastes. These agricultural residues and animal waste can be effectively transformed to energy and other products in systems similar to a ethanol refinery where an integrated process involves conversion for biomass into fuel, energy and chemicals, integrated in the context of a biorefinery. The objective of this work is the determination of the actual availability of main agricultural residues and animal wastes generated in Brazil and of their generation potential index and their prospects for 2020. The results indicate that the sugarcane has the highest agronomic availability, reaching 157 million tons of fresh material and an estimated reuse potential of 19.6 million tons (dry basis), followed by soybeans, rice, maize, orange, wheat, cotton, cassava and tobacco.     

吉林省主要覆膜作物地膜残留情况调查

通过文献调研、问卷调查和典型样点采集的方法对吉林省3种主要覆膜作物的地膜残留情况进行调查分析,结果表明：地膜残留量与覆膜年限、地膜回收方式以及种植作物种类密切相关。随覆膜时间的延长地膜残留量有增加的趋势。3种模式地膜残留量由高到低为：瓜菜模式〉玉米连作模式〉花生连作模式,连续覆膜10年,3种模式的地膜残留量分别为30、28.35 kg·hm^-2和15.9kg·hm^-2。以一级污染水平作为标准（75 kg·hm^-2）,覆膜量每年按75～150 kg·hm^-2、年残留率按1.2%～4.02%计,估算吉林省安全使用地膜的年限约为12～83年。     

Considering the Prospects of Immediate Resistance in Food Politics: Reflections on The Garden

In this essay, I offer reflections inspired by The Garden, a compelling film documenting the failed struggle of the South Central Farmers to maintain a lush 14-acre farm within an industrial, impoverished neighborhood of Los Angeles. I concentrate on diverse representations of resistance featured in the film, which range from the traditionally mediated to more immediate or material-rhetorical acts. Taking the lead of the South Central Farmers, I conclude that we (as scholars, teachers, and ethical people) may combat the corporate food system with a multifarious approach to social change.