有机氯农药在南京市郊蔬菜中的生物富集与质量安全

用气相色谱．电子捕获检测器(GC-ECD)测定南京市郊蔬菜中的有机氯农药残留．结果表明，12种有机氯农药在所有的供试蔬菜中均有检出，DDT和HCH在各蔬菜中的含量较高，分别占有机氯农药总残留量的49．5％～75．0％和13．9％～28．2％．Wα-HCH／Wγ-HCH和WDDE／WDDT的比值在各蔬菜体内均小于或等于1，说明这些蔬菜生长的环境中可能有新的有机氯污染物的输入．各种蔬菜对有机氯农药总量的富集因子为0．41～0．78．富集能力最大的为胡萝卜，蒜苗和菠菜．HCH类农药在各种蔬菜体内的生物富集因子(0．70～1．10)要高于DDT类(0．28～0．80)．胡萝卜对HCH和DDT等有机氯农药的富集能力较强，而莴苣、蒜苗和菠菜对六氯苯、狄氏剂，异狄氏剂和硫丹有较高的生物富集能力．虽然各种蔬菜体内有机氯农药的残留量低于国家最大残留限量，但其检出率仍为100％，仍然对农产品质量安全和人类健康造成潜在的威胁．关键词：有机氯农药；蔬菜；残留量；生物富集；人类健康     

空气氧化法处理碱渣的应用研究

采用低压空气氧化法使废碱液中的S^2-,SR-转变为S2O3^2-,RSSR，该过程能否成功操作取决于温度，压力和空气与水的接触，尤其是空气与水的传质速度将会较大的影响硫化物的氧化去除速率和空气中氧气的利用率。     

基于超高效液相色谱串联质谱法的番茄果实和土壤中氟吡菌胺残留测定

建立了番茄果实和土壤中氟吡菌胺残留的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)检测方法。用乙腈水溶液提取样品中的氟毗菌胺,以C_(18)柱为分析柱、乙腈-甲酸水溶液为流动相,采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱多反应监测、电喷雾正离子源、外标法定量。氟吡菌胺在0.05~1.00 mg/L范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系,线性方程为y=6964.10x-143.28,决定系数为0.996 8。向对照番茄果实、对照土壤中分别添加氟吡菌胺标样,使其添加量分别为0.10 mg/kg、0.40 mg/kg和2.00 mg/kg,平均回收率分别为92.43%~103.32%和92.75%~104.46%,相对标准偏差分别为3.8%~4.9%和3.4%~4.4%。番茄果实和土壤中氟吡菌胺的定量限分别为1.0μg/kg和1.7μg/kg,检出限分别为0.3μg/kg和0.5μg/kg。     

The African food crisis of 1982-1986*

The crisis cannot be attributed to any one cause, but rather it was the product of a number of interacting factors whose precise combination varied between countries. Drought, internal political and economic factors and an unfavourable external economic environment were significant contributory factors. Civil war and externally financed insurgency were primarily responsible for propelling a food crisis into a famine in four out of the six worst affected countries. Within the literature, there is a tendency for writers to emphasize the relative contribution of factors within their own disciplines. So far the literature on the responses, both within country and internationally, is comprised of eye witness accounts by journalists and evaluations by aid agencies of their performance. The international response by governments and the public was massive and unprecedented, but the response by governments, indigenous NGO's and the public within affected countries is often overlooked by the journalistic literature. Generalizations about "the African food crisis" have obscured the considerable diversity amongst countries. This is well illustrated by the experiences of Ethiopia, Kenya and Botswana. This diversity indicates the biased perspectives that arise from focussing on the extreme famines, as in Ethiopia. Research priorities should include studies of systems that coped during the crisis, historical analysis of the crisis, the way early warning information is processed within bureaucratic institutions, environmental degradation and fully integrated analysis of food production and consumption systems.     

Food aid and relief-development strategies*

This paper begins by setting out the main arguments on which a proposal for "relief-development strategies" rest. The second part of the paper is concerned with a discussion of the way the objectives of a "relief-development strategy" might be achieved and the roles emergency food aid might have. In the third part of the paper, a number of strategic issues are discussed. A stylized account is presented of how a broad "relief development strategy" might be mounted. The last part of the paper draws together the discussion by considering how emergency projects should be assessed. If the principles on which this paper are based are accepted, then the evaluation of emergency projects should extend well beyond convention.     

基于灰色系统理论的济南市建筑废物产量预测

首先以建筑面积核算法对济南市2000~2017年建筑废物产量进行了估算,然后以估算值作为原始数据,建立了灰色GM（1,1）预测模型.最后对未来5a济南市建筑废物产量进行了预测.经验证,模型精度等级达到优秀级.结果表明,灰色GM（1,1）预测模型可以准确地预测济南市建筑废物的年产量,预测表明济南市建筑废物平均产量将从2018年的860万t,增加到2022年的1000万t.     

微生物发酵菌和生物质炭及蘑菇渣对污泥堆肥效果的影响

为解决污泥的处理处置难题,实现污泥减量化、无害化和资源化,在污泥中添加蘑菇渣、微生物发酵菌和生物质炭等辅料,进行共堆肥试验,设置T1（不添加辅料）、T2（添加30%的园林枯枝）、T3（添加20%的园林枯枝、9.9%的蘑菇渣和0.1%的微生物发酵菌）、T4（添加20%的园林枯枝和10%的生物质炭）,以及T5（添加20%的园林枯枝、4.9%的蘑菇渣、0.1%的微生物发酵菌和5%的酸化生物质炭）5个好氧堆肥处理,考察各处理堆肥过程中温度变化、肥料的理化特性以及GI（发芽指数）.结果显示:①T5处理的效果最好,堆肥至第3天,堆体温度达到70.5℃,并且温度不低于50℃的时间达到19 d. ②T5处理肥料的w（TKN）（TKN为总凯氏氮）、w（TP）和w（TK）均最高,分别达到3.88、0.64和1.10 g/kg,远高于其他4个处理;产品的GI随堆肥时间的延长逐渐增长,达到183%. ③T5处理的NH₃排放最少,氮元素流失最低,能最大程度的转化成固化无机氮;残渣态重金属含量最高,不易浸出到环境中进入生态系统,生物毒性低.研究显示,蘑菇渣、微生物发酵菌和生物质炭能够促进污泥的腐熟,减少二次污染的产生,产品质量较好.      

Dynamics of major air pollutants from crop residue burning in mainland China, 2000–2014

Based on satellite image data and China's Statistical Yearbooks(2000 to 2014), we estimated the total mass of crop residue burned, and the proportion of residue burned in the field vs.indoors as domestic fuel. The total emissions of various pollutants from the burning of crop residue were estimated for 2000-2014 using the emission factor method. The results indicate that the total amount of crop residue and average burned mass were 8690.9 Tg and4914.6 Tg, respectively. The total amount of emitted pollutants including CO_2, CO, NOx,VOCs, PM_(2.5), OC(organic carbon), EC(element carbon) and TC(total carbon) were 4212.4–8440.9 Tg, 192.8–579.4 Tg, 4.8–19.4 Tg, 18.6–61.3 Tg, 18.8–49.7 Tg, 6.7–31.3 Tg, 2.3–4.7 Tg, and8.5–34.1 Tg, respectively. The emissions of pollutants released from crop residue burning were found to be spatially variable, with the burning of crop residue mainly occurring in Northeast, North and South China. In addition, pollutant emissions per unit area(10 km ×10 km) were mostly concentrated in the central and eastern regions of China. Emissions of CO_2, NOx, VOCs, OC and TC were mainly from rice straw burning, while burning of corn and wheat residues contributed most to emissions of CO, PM_(2.5) and EC. The increased ratio of PM_(2.5) emissions from crop residue burning to the total emitted from industry during the study period is attributed to the implementation of strict emissions management policies in Chinese industry. This study also provides baseline data for assessment of the regional atmospheric environment.     

从含铬铝泥中回收铝的新工艺

采用"打浆水洗除Cr(Ⅵ)—电渗析除Cr(Ⅵ)—碱浸提铝—碳酸化分解法精制Al_2O_3"的新工艺处理含铬铝泥(以下简称铝泥),并回收Al_2O_3。实验结果表明:铝泥在70℃下经3次打浆水洗后,w(Na_2CrO_4)(以干铝泥计)降至5.0%;采用电渗析除Cr(Ⅵ)工艺可有效去除铝泥中以结合态和结晶态形式存在的Na_2CrO_4,在55 V直流电压下电渗析6h后铝泥中的w(Na_2CrO_4)降至0.98%;在碱浸温度为100℃、碱浸时间为3 h、NaOH质量浓度为150 g/L的优化碱浸条件下,铝浸出率(以Al_2O_3计)高达90.0%;经3次碳酸化分解处理后,Al_2O_3产品的纯度达98.65%,满足GB/T 24487-2009《氧化铝》中的一级标准,Al_2O_3回收率为96.37%。