Environmental biogeochemical behaviors of rare earth elements in soil–plant systems

With the continual increase in the utilization of rare earth elements (REEs) for industrial and agricultural purposes in China, the research into the environmental biogeochemical behavior of REEs has become a pressing issue. The REEs’ content in soil and various parts of wheat under different conditions in soil–plant systems were measured by INAA and ICP-MS. The results showed four aspects. (1) The mean value of total REEs in soil of China was 176.8 mg kg⁻¹. The mean ratio of ΣLREE/ΣHREE in soils was 8.0 and cerium accounts for 42% of the total REEs. The content of REEs in wheat seed ranged between 10⁻¹¹ and 10⁻⁸ g g⁻¹, 3–4 orders of magnitude lower than that in soil. (2) The REEs contents in ryegrass, especially in roots, were significantly related to that of soil. The bioavailability of REEs in soil mainly depended on the exchangeable fraction of REEs, which was strongly affected by the physico–chemical properties of the soil. (3) Long-term foliage-dressing with Changle microfertilizer of REEs did not affect the contents and distribution patterns of REEs in soil. At the maturing stage of spring wheat, the REEs content was in the order of root > leaf >stem and crust. Compared with the control, foliage-dressing has a higher accumulation of REEs in root and leaf. However, no significant difference was found in stem and crust between the two treatments. (4) There was no significant accumulation with the soil-dressing method. When comparing controls in both foliage- and soil-dressing methods, no distinct residue of REEs in grains was found.     

Disposition of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) in two Norwegian epibenthic marine food webs

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs) are a group of halogenated hydrocarbons, comprising 210 different, theoretically possible congeners. They are relatively hydrophobic and persistent to biodegradation, thereby rendering them subject to bioaccumulation. This study was conducted in Frierfjord and Eidangerfjord in the Grenland fjord system, Norway, heavily polluted by PCDD/PCDF discharges from the magnesium production at Herøya from 1951 to 2001. Pooled samples of surface-sediments and the following organisms were collected for the Frierfjord and Eidangerfjord study areas: common shrimp (Crangon crangon), polychaetes (mainly Nereis diversicolor), shore crab (Carcinus maenas), cod (Gadus morhua), flounder (Platichthys flesus), trout (Salmo trutta), herring (Clupea harengus), benthic amphipods and zooplankton. Concentrations of 2,3,7,8-PCDD/Fs were quantified in pooled samples for all species. The relative abundances of stable isotopes of nitrogen (δ¹⁵N) were evaluated in the organisms as a measure of chemically-derived trophic level. Contrary to earlier studies on other persistent organochlorines, it was found that the concentrations of PCDD/Fs declined with increasing trophic level. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) also showed differences between species in the pattern of PCDD/Fs. Higher chlorinated congeners constituted lower percentages of the PCDD/F-concentrations higher in the food chain as compared to lower trophic levels. In general, congener patterns did not differ between fjords. Infauna (polychaetes) and zooplankton had congener patterns most similar to the pollution source. The results indicate lower accumulation of higher chlorinated congeners in species at higher trophic levels (fish), presumably due to low membrane permeability (high molecular size) and possibly slow transport through intestinal aqueous phases because of low aqueous solubility.     

The Spanish toxic oil syndrome: Some explanations for the pathology and an appraisal of the similarities with other episodes of food adulteration

In 1981 in Madrid, a new disease was identified, and attributed to the fraudulent sale of adulterated, industrial-quality oil as olive oil. The competing hypotheses for the clinical symptoms and tissue changes are reviewed but it is also important to note the general similarities between this epidemic and those other incidents where food adulteration has presented an acute hazard.     

气相色谱法测定水和土壤中苯醚甲环唑的残留量

研究并建立了气相色谱法测定水和土壤中苯醚甲环唑残留量的分析方法。实验结果表明：水中添加苯醚甲环唑的含量为0．005～0．500mg／kg时,平均回收率为97．9％～100．5％,相对标准偏差小于6．7％;土壤中添加苯醚甲环唑的含量为0．005～0．500mg／kg时,平均回收率为95．7％～109．5％,相对标准偏差小于7．5％。将该法用于水和土壤残留实验,土壤试样在拖药后10～88d进行采样分析,其残留消解动态回归方程为y=0．8803e^-0.0122x,相关系数为-0．915,消解半衰期为56．8d;水试样在施药后0～21d进行采样分析,其残留消解动态回归方程为y=0．2624e^-0.2539x,相关系数为-0．899,消解半衰期为2．7d。     

Au@Ag致密单层膜的组装及对农药残留的SERS检测

采用聚合物溶液组装法构筑致密Au@Ag核壳单层膜结构,用作SERS基底检测有机磷农药具有高灵敏性和重现性。Au@Ag核壳纳米立方体首先通过种子生长法合成,然后用功能化的配体聚乙二醇巯基（mPEG–SH）进行修饰获得有序的致密单层膜结构。该结构的形成归因于适量mPEG–SH的加入可以精确调节颗粒间以及颗粒与基底间的相互作用力,使得基底表面的纳米粒子重新排列。这种有序的单层膜结构用作SERS基底具有稳定和高重现的SERS信号,用于检测乙基对氧磷农药残留时检测限低至10-8 mol·L-1（2.75 μg·mL-1）。该聚合物组装方法为构建高灵敏和高重现性的SERS基底提供了一个有效的途径,为SERS技术在农药残留检测领域的推广应用打下了基础。     

Relating cadmium concentrations in three macrophyte-associated freshwater invertebrates to those in macrophytes,water and sediments

We found that Cd concentrations in three species of macrophyte-associated invertebrates (the gastropods Bithynia tentaculata and Physa gyrina, and the amphipod Gammarus fasciatus) collected at twenty sites along the St. Lawrence River were correlated with Cd concentrations in their main food source, i.e. macrophytes and associated periphyton. Cd in these invertebrates was not significantly correlated with Cd concentrations in the sediments (even when corrections for iron oxide or organic carbon content were applied) or to calculated free-cadmium concentrations in the water. Cd levels in juveniles of B. tentaculata were very tightly linked to Cd concentrations in macrophytes, which is consistent with the close relationship that these organisms have developed with macrophytes. Linear models predicting Cd levels in juveniles of B. tentaculata from Cd levels in different macrophyte species were strong (R2 = 0.69-0.90). Analysis of covariance on these models showed no statistical difference of slope or intercept for any of the macrophyte species, except Vallisneria americana. We suggest that the macrophyte-periphyton complex is a key link in the transfer of cadmium to some aquatic invertebrates in the littoral zone of the St. Lawrence River and that macrophytes and their associated epiphytes should also be used as biomonitors.     

生物有机肥和鬼针草对赤泥、矿泥壤质化生态修复的影响

为解决赤泥、矿泥规模化安全处置问题,以拜耳法改性赤泥和脱水矿泥为研究对象,配施生物有机肥和种植鬼针草,通过分析壤质化壤土的理化指标和矿相变化,探究生物有机肥和种植鬼针草对赤泥、矿泥壤质化生态修复的影响。结果表明,壤质化壤土的理化性质随配施生物有机肥比例的增加而改善,鬼针草生长越旺盛。其中,鬼针草在配施3%生物有机肥的壤质化壤土中平均长至87.0 cm,叶片数平均257 片,pH和电导率分别降至7.87和429.01 μS·cm⁻¹。Pearson相关性分析结果表明,增加有机质对壤质化生态修复起积极作用。壤质化处置60 d时,配施1.5%生物有机肥,碱性化学结合碱和Na质量分数减少,形成较大的团聚体。本研究结果可为赤泥、矿泥壤质化生态修复提供参考。     

湿法回收砷碱渣中锑的工艺研究

本研究先以水浸实现砷碱渣中的砷锑分离,再对水浸渣进行盐酸浸出,得到了可作为工业原料氯化锑溶液.研究结果表明,在液固比为6∶1,温度40℃,浸出时间40 min的条件下,可使水浸过程中锑的浸出率低于3%,砷的浸出率达到99%;盐酸浸出中,控制酸浓度为1∶1,液固比10∶1,温度60℃,浸出时间30 min,能使锑的浸出率达到88%以上.经过水浸和盐酸浸出,锑的直接回收率为85.36%.     

汽车拆解废弃物固定床空气气化特性

中国作为全球最大的汽车市场,报废汽车拆解破碎残渣已成为备受关注的“城市矿山”。在自制的固定床气化实验装置上,以汽车拆解废弃物为原料,考察了空气当量比、反应温度对合成气品质及气化指标的影响。结果表明：在0~0.3范围内,随着空气当量比的增大,合成气中可燃气组分产率先增大后减小、气化效率先升高后降低、碳转化率逐渐增大;在700-900 ℃温度范围内,随着温度的提高,合成气中可燃气体组分产率增大、气化效率和碳转化率均逐渐增大;当空气当量比为0.2、气化温度为900 ℃时,气化效率最高。对900 ℃气化实验结果进行质量和能量平衡分析,结果表明：该系统质量平衡误差仅为5%,满足质量平衡要求;能量回收率和能耗比分别为55.39%和2.28,汽车拆解废弃物气化具有系统热自持和为其他用能工艺过程提供能源的潜力。     

Recognize fish as food in policy discourse and development funding

The international development community is off-track from meeting targets for alleviating global malnutrition. Meanwhile, there is growing consensus across scientific disciplines that fish plays a crucial role in food and nutrition security. However, this ‘fish as food’ perspective has yet to translate into policy and development funding priorities. We argue that the traditional framing of fish as a natural resource emphasizes economic development and biodiversity conservation objectives, whereas situating fish within a food systems perspective can lead to innovative policies and investments that promote nutrition-sensitive and socially equitable capture fisheries and aquaculture. This paper highlights four pillars of research needs and policy directions toward this end. Ultimately, recognizing and working to enhance the role of fish in alleviating hunger and malnutrition can provide an additional long-term development incentive, beyond revenue generation and biodiversity conservation, for governments, international development organizations, and society more broadly to invest in the sustainability of capture fisheries and aquaculture.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1007/s13280-020-01451-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.