Fate of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes in a full-scale restaurant food waste treatment plant: Implications of the roles beyond heavy metals and mobile genetic elements

Is our food safe and free of the crisis of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance(AR)?And will the derived food waste(FW) impose AR risk to the environment after biological treatment? This study used restaurant FW leachates flowing through a 200 tons-waste/day biological treatment plant as a window to investigate the fate of antibiotics and antibiotic-resistance genes(ARGs) during the acceptance and treatment of FW. Sulfonamides(sulfamethazine, sulfamethoxazole) and quinolones(ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, ofloxacin) were detected during FW treatment, while tetracyclines, macrolides and chloramphenicols were not observable. ARGs encoding resistance to sulfonamides, tetracyclines and macrolides emerged in FW leachates.Material flow analysis illustrated that the total amount of antibiotics(except sulfamethazine) and ARGs were constant during FW treatment processes. Both the concentration and total amount of most antibiotics and ARGs fluctuated during treatment, physical processes(screening, centrifugation, solid–liquid and oil–water separation) did not decrease antibiotic or ARGs concentrations or total levels permanently; the affiliated wastewater treatment plant appeared to remove sulfonamides and most ARGs concentrations and total amount. Heavy metals Ni,Co and Cu were important for disseminating antibiotics concentrations and MGEs for distributing ARGs concentrations. Humic substances(fulvic acids, hydrophilic fractions), C-associated and N-associated contents were essential for the distribution of the total amounts of antibiotics and ARGs. Overall, this study implied that human food might not be free of antibiotics and ARGs, and FW was an underestimated AR pool with various determinants. Nonetheless, derived hazards of FW could be mitigated through biological treatment with well-planned daily operations.     

四级串联厌氧反应器对阿卡波糖废渣的减量处理

发酵生产阿卡波糖的过程会产生大量发酵废渣,该废渣处理成本高昂且易造成环境污染。因此,寻找高效环保和低成本的废渣减量处理方法,是目前亟需解决的问题。采用四级串联厌氧反应器对阿卡波糖废渣液进行减量处理,经过启动阶段和负荷提高阶段,共运行68 d。其中,负荷提高阶段增加水解酸化罐作为预处理工艺,两阶段有机负荷分别为1.16,3.32 kg/(m3·d)。结果表明:水解酸化罐作为预处理工艺可提高系统稳定性;系统运行后期可溶性COD去除率达83.3%,平均容积产气率为0.36 m3/(m3·d),废渣中固体物质的去除率达64%,在2—4号罐体底部观察到直径0.8~2 mm的颗粒污泥形成。     

醋糟高效厌氧消化体系构建

运用高固态厌氧消化模式,通过提高反应体系均质程度和沼液回流等手段,逐步提升物料负荷,对未经预处理的醋糟进行厌氧消化处理,成功构建了醋糟高效厌氧消化体系.结果表明,在反应体系物料负荷达到6.15 g·(L·d)~(-1)时表现出最佳的厌氧消化性能,单位干物料产沼气量为396 m L·g~(-1),单位干物料产甲烷量为211 m L·g~(-1).该物料负荷下半纤维素降解率达到63.66%,是醋糟厌氧消化性能提高的主要原因.纤维素、木质素的降解率分别为21.46%、24.43%,较低的降解效率主要是由于木质素中的苯环结构难以降解,并阻碍纤维素酶的水解作用,对纤维素降解产生屏蔽效应.     

An inverse model for the analysis of the Venice lagoon food web

A steady-state model of the Venice lagoon food web was constructed, based on a comprehensive set of data, which were collected in the years 2001-2005. Energy flows were estimated by means of an inverse methodology of constrained optimization based on the Minimum Norm criterion, i.e. on the minimization of both the sum of squares of the residuals and of the sum of squares of energy flows. The solution was constrained by a set inequalities, which were derived from general eco-physiological knowledge and site specific data on energy flows. The trophic network was represented by thirty-two nodes, including single-species compartments for the species of high economical or ecological relevance. Mass balance equations were weighted, in order to obtain meaningful results in presence of large differences, up to 5 orders of magnitude, among biomasses. A perturbation technique was applied, with the purpose of reducing the risk of finding solutions heavily affected by the set of constraints and of obtaining a more robust representation of the energy flows. The main patterns of energy flow are consistent with those obtained in previous attempts at modelling the Venice lagoon food web. Micro- and macro-phytobenthos account for the largest fraction of the primary production. Energy is then transferred towards higher trophic levels by means of two main pathways: the recycling of dead biomass through the detritus compartment and the direct consumption by grazers. The first pathway is the most important and accounts for approximately two/thirds of the energy transferred to the second trophic level.     

二氯喹啉酸在水稻、土壤和田水中消解动态及残留

为评价二氯喹啉酸在水稻及其土壤中的安全性,建立其在水稻上的使用规范,于2008、2009年在杭州、济南和铁力三地进行田间试验,研究了二氯喹啉酸在水稻、土壤和田水中消解动态及最终残留量。建立了二氯喹啉酸在水稻、土壤和田水中残留量的超高效液相色谱串联质谱测定方法。在添加水平5～100μg.kg-1范围内,二氯喹啉酸的平均回收率在81.6%～105.7%之间,相对标准偏差均低于17.9%。残留试验结果表明,二氯喹啉酸在植株、土壤和田水中消解均符合一级动力学方程,消解半衰期分别为16.4～18.6、16.6～21.9和15.4～16.9 d;二氯喹啉酸在植株、土壤、糙米和稻壳中最终残留量均未检出(<5μg.kg-1)。若二氯喹啉酸在水稻中的最高残留限量推荐值为0.5 mg.kg-1,建议每年以有效成分25 g.mu-1的剂量,于水稻移栽后10 d喷施1次,用于防治水稻田中稗草。     

Adapting food systems of the Indo-Gangetic plains to global environmental change: key information needs to improve policy formulation

The Indo-Gangetic plain (IGP; including regions of Pakistan, India, Nepal, and Bangladesh) is generally characterised by fertile soils, favourable climate and an abundant supply of water. Nevertheless, the challenge of increasing food production in the IGP in line with demand grows ever greater; any perturbation in agriculture will considerably affect the food systems of the region and increase the vulnerability of the resource-poor population. Increasing regional production is already complicated by increasing competition for land resources by non-agricultural sectors and by the deterioration of agri-environments and water resources. Global environmental change (GEC), especially changes in climate mean values and variability, will further complicate the agricultural situation and will therefore, have serious implications for food systems of the region. Strategies to reduce the vulnerability of the region's food systems to GEC need to be based on a combination of technical and policy options, and developed in recognition of the concurrent changes in socioeconomic stresses. Adaptation options need to be assessed with regard to their socioeconomic and environmental efficacy, but a greater understanding of the interactions of food systems with GEC is needed to be able to do this with confidence. This paper discusses information needs relating to resource management and policy support to guide the development of research planning for increasing the robustness of IGP food systems to GEC. Further information is needed to develop a range of adaptation strategies including augmenting production and its sustainability, increasing income from agricultural enterprises, diversification from rice–wheat systems, improving land use and natural resource management, and instigating more flexible policies and institutions.     

盘锦市发展生态农业循环经济模式探讨

循环经济在发达国家已取得成功经验.我国则更多地停留在概念层次上。新世纪之后解决农业面源污染,增加农民收入面临压力更大,原因是农业生产施用的农药、化肥太多,粮食、疏莱残毒超过国际卫生、环保标准。不能走出国门,欲想解决这一问题,发展农业循环经济模式、生产无害化食品,是保持生态环境、改变农村落后面貌必然的战略选择。     

不同材料固定香菇废弃菌柄对铅和镉的吸附

研究了用聚乙烯醇-海藻酸钠(PVA-SA),海藻酸钠(SA)和琼脂三种材料固定香菇(Lentinus edodes)废弃菌柄制作成吸附小球的理化特性,初步比较了三种小球和自由菌粉的吸附能力,在此基础上进一步分析了PVA-SA香菇小球吸附Pb2+和Cd2+的动力学。结果表明,PVA-SA香菇小球的成球性,机械强度和耐酸性最好。固定小球的吸附能力比自由菌粉的有所下降,以Cd的吸附率降低幅度较大,PVA-SA香菇小球和SA香菇小球对Pb的吸附率降低幅度较小,吸附率分别为92.4%和92.7%,对Cd的吸附率分别为55.9%和58.66%。伪二级动力学模型能够很好的拟合固定小球对Pb2+和Cd2+吸附的动力学过程,相关系数R2分别为0.9999和0.9904,由伪二级动力学方程得到的Pb2+和Cd2+理论平衡吸附量qe分别为0.4926和0.1448mg/g,跟实验测定获得的数据0.4635mg/g和0.1423mg/g相近。     

电石泥、电石渣浆液联合脱硫工艺

为了提高锅炉的脱硫效率,重点阐述了利用PVC工序的废渣和废浆液进行锅炉脱硫的全新的工艺。这种联合脱硫收到了意想不到的效果,实为这一领域的最新尝试。