Agriculture, pesticides, food security and food safety

Decades ago, agrochemicals were introduced aiming at enhancing crop yields and at protecting crops from pests. Due to adaptation and resistance developed by pests to chemicals, every year higher amounts and new chemical compounds are used to protect crops, causing undesired side effects and raising the costs of food production. Eventually, new techniques, including genetically modified organisms (GMOs) resistant to pests, could halt the massive spread of agrochemicals in agriculture fields. Biological chemical-free agriculture is gaining also more and more support but it is still not able to respond to the need for producing massive amounts of food. The use of agrochemicals, including pesticides, remains a common practice especially in tropical regions and South countries. Cheap compounds, such as DDT, HCH and lindane, that are environmentally persistent, are today banned from agriculture use in developed countries, but remain popular in developing countries. As a consequence, persistent residues of these chemicals contaminate food and disperse in the environment. Coordinated efforts are needed to increase the production of food but with a view to enhanced food quality and safety as well as to controlling residues of persistent pesticides in the environment.     

郴州市王仙岭尾砂库重金属污染治理工程实例

介绍了湖南省郴州市王仙岭旅游度假区尾砂重金属污染治理工程,包括该场地重金属污染的现状调查与分析,修复技术的分析和选用以及实施工艺。为防止尾砂污染扩散,该工程主要采用重金属稳定化和阻隔防渗组合技术。该工程的成功实施证明其所采用的调查方法、工程技术和施工工艺的有效性,可为同类项目的调查、设计与施工提供参考借鉴。     

中环院食品质量与安全专业2009-2011届毕业生就业情况调查与分析

为进一步提高学院食品质量与安全专业毕业生的就业质量,对2009-2011届毕业生共计147人进行了就业跟踪调查,从毕业生生源区域情况、毕业生就业率、就业情况三个方面进行分析,发现该专业毕业生以中小企业就业为主,结合专接本继续深造。为提高就业质量,围绕专业内涵建设提出几点建议。     

铬渣湿法和干法解毒技术的应用对比

通过对国内典型铬渣处理的项目进行分析,并结合某铬渣污染治理工程实例,从反应机理、解毒工艺、工艺适应性、资源回收利用、设备选型、处理规模、场址选择、污染控制及安全生产和经济性方面对铬渣湿法解毒和干法解毒技术在实际应用中的选择进行对比,为该项目提出了更适合的解毒技术。     

制药行业药渣污泥干化工艺研究

通过对南阳市危废处置中心药渣污泥干化系统的研究,设计了一套有效的干化系统,使药渣污泥的含水率从75%～80%干化至含水率20%,为药渣污泥进一步减量化、无害化和资源化处理提供更多的可能。系统配套有效的尾气处理系统,使该项目废气排放指标达到《工业炉窑大气污染物排放标准》(GB9078-96)以及《恶臭污染物排放标准》(GB14554-93)中的相关要求。     

Determination of disulfoton and permethrin residues in an organic soil and their translocation into lettuce,onion and carrot 1

Abstract

The residues of disulfoton and permethrin in an organic soil and in vegetables grown in soil treated with a granular formulation of the pesticides were determined by gas chromatography. The residues were removed from soil or plant samples by successive extractions with acetone and hexane. Permethrin persisted in the soil for the initial 28 days and declined slowly during the rest of the season but disulfoton after persisting for one week at the applied concentration was degraded in the next two weeks. The insecticides did not translocate into the edible parts of the vegetables but were present in the root system of onion and lettuce. Carrot and lettuce yields were not significantly different from those of the controls but onion yields were substantially decreased by the use of per‐methrin.     

An alternative supercritical fluid extraction system for aqueous matrices and its application in pesticides residue analysis

Abstract

Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) is a rapid and convenient method for the isolation of organic compounds from environmental samples. This paper describes a supercritical carbon dioxide (CO₂) extraction system that uses a newly designed extraction cell to recover organic compounds from an aqueous matrix. Analysis of the extracts by gas chromatography‐electron capture detector (GC‐ECD) indicated that the herbicide trifluralin (2,6‐dinitro‐N,N‐dipropyl‐4‐trifluoromethylaniline) could be quantitatively extracted by using the SFE system proposed with small amounts of sample. The percentage of recovery obtained with the SFE system described was twice as high as the result obtained using a conventional solid‐phase extraction technique. Extraction by SFE was completed in a short period of time using a simple and low‐cost home‐made system that did not require the use of organic solvents.     

Fate of atrazine and chlorpyrifos during solid state fermentation—examination of processes

Abstract

Solid state fermentation (SSF) was investigated as a means to dispose of two commonly used pesticides, chlorpyrifos (O, O‐diethyl O‐(3,5,6‐trichloro‐2‐pyridyl) phosphorothioate) and atrazine (2‐chloro‐4‐ethylamino‐6‐isopropylamino‐1,3,5‐triazine). SSF experiments were carried out in bench‐scale bioreaetors (equipped with CO₂ and volatile organic traps) containing a mixture of lignocellulosic materials and a radiolabeled pesticide. Ethyl acetate‐extractable, alkali soluble, and alkali insoluble fractions were evaluated for radioactivity following a 60‐d incubation period at 40°C. The majority of the [2, 6‐pyridyl‐¹⁴C]chlorpyrifos was associated with the ethyl acetate extract (about 74%), 17% was trapped as organic volatiles by polyurethane foam traps and < 0.5% of the chlorpyrifos was mineralized to CO². Only small amounts of the radioactivity were associated with alkali soluble (0.0003%) and alkali insoluble (0.3%) fractions. In the [¹⁴C‐U‐ring] atrazine bioreactors, very little of the radioactivity volatilized (<0.5%) and less than 0.5% was mineralized to CO₂. Approximately 57% of the applied radioactivity was associated with the ethyl acetate extract while 9% and 24% of the radioactivity was associated with the alkali soluble (humic and fulvic acids) and alkali insoluble fractions, respectively. Possible reaction mechanisms by which covalent bonds could be formed between atrazine (or metabolites) and humic substances were investigated. The issue of bound atrazine residue (alkali soluble fraction) was at least partially resolved. Oxidative coupling experiments revealed that formation of covalent bond linkages between amino substituent groups of atrazine residue and humic substances is highly unlikely.     

超高效液相色谱-质谱联用法同时测定地下水中23种药物残留

建立了一种采用固相萃取、超高效液相色谱-质普联用技术快速并同时测定地下水中23种药物残留的方法.样品经HLB固相萃取富集净化,以反相C18柱为分离柱,甲醇和0.1%的甲酸溶液进行梯度洗脱,结合多时间段多反应监测的质谱扫描方法(mp MRM),可在10 min内同时检测地下水中10种磺胺类药物、7种喹诺酮类药物及6种β-受体激动剂药物.结果发现,该方法在1.0~100.0 ng·m L-1的浓度范围内峰面积与药物浓度呈良好的线性关系,相关系数均大于0.99,回收率在80%~110%,检测限和定量限分别为0.5 ng·m L-1和1.0 ng·m L-1.研究表明,该方法快速灵敏,专属性好,可用于地下水中药物残留的快速检测.     

两性修饰红薯渣对紫色土吸附Cu2+的影响

采用十二烷基二甲基甜菜碱对红薯渣（R）做两性修饰,修饰比例分别为0、100%和200%,将得到的3种两性修饰红薯渣（R、100BS-R和200BS-R）以1%质量分数加入紫色土（PS）中,制成PS（对照）、PSR、PS100BS-R和PS200BS-R 4种混合土样。用批量处理法探究各供试土样对Cu2+的吸附等温特征,并考察温度、pH值和离子浓度对Cu2+吸附的影响。结果表明：各混合土样对Cu2+的吸附等温线均符合Langmuir模型,最大吸附量为99.46 mmol/kg~136.53 mmol/kg,Cu2+吸附量呈现PS200BS-R>PS100BS-R>PSR>PS的趋势。温度和pH值升高均有利于Cu2+被吸附,当离子浓度为01 mol/L时吸附效果最佳。